Modulation of sglt-2 expression

ABSTRACT

Compounds, compositions and methods are provided for modulating the expression of SGLT2. The compositions comprise oligonucleotides, targeted to nucleic acid encoding SGLT2. Methods of using these compounds for modulation of SGLT2 expression and for diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions associated with expression of SGLT2 are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/145,470, filed Jun. 24, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/980,002, filed Nov. 2, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/946,498, filed Sep. 21, 2004, and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/517,334, filed Nov. 3, 2003, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled BIOL0023USC2SEQ.txt, created on Nov. 18, 2011 which is 59 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating the expression of SGLT2. In particular, this invention relates to antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotide compounds, which, in some embodiments, hybridize with nucleic acid molecules encoding SGLT2. Such compounds are shown herein to modulate the expression of SGLT2.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A fundamental component of energy metabolism is glucose transport. The transport of glucose across cell membranes is essential to metabolic processes, including the maintenance of a relatively constant blood glucose concentration and the delivery of glucose to peripheral tissues for storage and utilization. As cell membranes are essentially impermeable to glucose, the movement of glucose across membranes must be accomplished by protein transporters (Brown, J. Inherit. Metab. Dis., 2000, 23, 237-246).

Mediated glucose transport occurs in two forms, secondary active transport and facilitated transport. In cells where glucose is rapidly metabolized, the concentration gradient across the plasma membrane is used to drive facilitated transport, and an active mechanism is not required. Secondary active transport of glucose enables cells to transport glucose against a concentration gradient. This mechanism involves cotransport of glucose and sodium ions across the apical surface of the cells and the energy is provided by the sodium gradient maintained by the sodium/potassium ATPase in the basolateral membrane. Efflux of glucose from the cells into the circulation is then mediated by a facilitative transporter (Brown, J. Inherit. Metab. Dis., 2000, 23, 237-246; Wright, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2001, 280, F10-18).

Secondary active transport of glucose operates in the mucosal cells of the intestine and the proximal tubular cells of the kidney and functions to ensure efficient uptake of dietary glucose and minimal urinary loss. Plasma glucose is normally filtered in the kidney in the glomerulus and actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Glucose is essentially completely reabsorbed from the urine in the proximal tubule of the kidney through the action of the sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) located in the brush border membrane (BBM). Comparison of the glucose transport properties of proximal tubule BBM vesicles prepared from the outer cortex and the outer medulla of rabbit kidney revealed the presence of two distinct sodium-coupled D-glucose transport systems. The outer cortex preparation exhibited a low-affinity/high-capacity activity (K_(m)=6 mM), whereas the outer medulla displayed a high-affinity/low-capacity activity (K_(m)=0.35 mM) (Turner and Moran, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 1982, 242, F406-414; Wright, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2001, 280, F10-18). Further characterization of the renal outer cortical BBM transport system revealed a glucose to sodium coupling ratio of 1:1, whereas the ratio is 2:1 in vesicles isolated from the outer medullary tissue (Turner and Moran, J. Membr. Biol., 1982, 67, 73-80).

Isolation of nucleic acid molecules encoding SGLTs confirmed the presence of multiple transport systems. A cDNA encoding human SGLT2 (also known as solute carrier family 2, member 5, Na-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 or SLC2A5) was identified in a screen for sodium cotransporter-like sequences in a cDNA library prepared from human kidney (Kanai et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 397-404; Wells et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 1992, 263, F459-465). Human SGLT2 localizes to chromosome 16p11.2 (Wells et al., Genomics, 1993, 17, 787-789). Subsequent investigations of human SGLT2 revealed that has functional properties characteristic of a low-affinity, sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter.

Studies of human SGLT2 injected into Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that this protein mediates sodium-dependent transport of D-glucose and α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (α-MeGlc; a glucose analog) with a K_(m) value of 1.6 mM for α-MeGlc and a sodium to glucose coupling ratio of 1:1 (Kanai et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 397-404; You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371). This transport activity was suppressed by phlorizin, a plant glycoside that binds to the glucose site but is not transported and thus inhibits SGLTs (You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371). These findings indicated that SGLT2 is responsible for the low-affinity transport observed in BBM vesicle preparations from rabbit kidney outer cortex.

The tissue distribution of SGLT2 further suggested that this cotransporter is the kidney low-affinity glucose transporter. Northern blotting revealed that human SGLT2 is primarily expressed in kidney, and in situ hybridization of a human SGLT2 probe to rat kidney tissue demonstrated that SGLT2 is expressed in the proximal tubule S1 segments in the outer cortex (Kanai et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 397-404; Wells et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 1992, 263, F459-465). This localization pattern distinguishes SGLT2 from SGLT1, the high-affinity/low-capacity sodium/glucose transporter that is expressed in the proximal tubule S3 segments of the outer medulla, where it is appropriately positioned to reabsorb the remainder of filtered glucose not reabsorbed by SGLT2 in the proximal tubule S1 segments.

Rat SGLT2, like human SGLT2, is strongly expressed in proximal S1 segments and this expression is developmentally regulated, with expression appearing on embryonic day 17, gradually increasing until day 19 and subsequently decreasing between day 19 and birth. Interestingly, rat SGLT2 mRNA is 2.6 kb before birth and 2.2 kb after birth, suggesting the presence of a different splice variant in embryonic kidney compared to the adult (You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371).

The transport properties of rat SGLT2, i.e K_(m) of 3.0 mM and sodium to glucose coupling of 1:1, are also characteristic of a kidney cortical low-affinity transport system. Hybrid depletion studies in which rat kidney superficial cortex mRNA was mixed with an antisense oligonucleotide corresponding to the 5′ portion of the rat SGLT2 coding region completely suppressed the uptake of α-MeGlc in Xenopus oocytes into which the mRNA/oligonucleotide mix was injected. An antisense oligonucleotide targeted to SGLT1 had no effect on the uptake of α-MeGlc. These data demonstrate that the α-MeGlc uptake was entirely due to the expression of rat SGLT2 and support the proposal that SGLT2 is the major kidney cortical low affinity glucose transporter (You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371).

A second low-affinity SGLT, named SAAT-pSGLT2, was isolated from porcine kidney cells and was initially proposed to be the main low-affinity glucose transporter. However, further studies have revealed that the molecular characteristics of SAAT-pSGLT2 differ from those of SGLT2 and consequently SAAT-pSGLT2 has been renamed SGLT3 (Kong et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 1509-1512; Mackenzie et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 32678-32683; Mackenzie et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 22488-22491; You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371). Whether SGLT3 contributes to glucose reabsorption in a physiologically relevant manner is unclear.

The importance of SGLT2 function was demonstrated in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 α (HNF1 α)-deficient animals, which are diabetic and also suffer from a renal Fanconi syndrome characterized by urinary glucose loss. HNF1α is a transcriptional activator expressed in liver, kidney, pancreas and intestine. The renal defect in these mice is due to an 80-90% reduction in SGLT2 expression. Thus, HNF1α is one gene product that controls SGLT2 expression, which is essential to proper glucose reabsorption in vivo (Pontoglio et al., EMBO Rep., 2000, 1, 359-365).

Reduction of SGLT2 mRNA was also observed upon exposure of mouse kidney cortical cells to cadmium, along with inhibition of sodium-dependent uptake of the glucose analog α-MeGlc. Interestingly, while both SGLT1 and SGLT2 mRNA were decreased in mouse kidney cortical cells exposed to cadmium, SGLT3 mRNA was upregulated, suggesting that individual SGLT species are not regulated in a similar manner (Tabatabai et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2001, 177, 163-173). Changes in glucose or sodium filtrated rate also modulate the expression of sodium-glucose transporter mRNA. Diabetic rats with glycosuria and rats fed a high sodium diet exhibited increased SGLT2 expression in the renal proximal tubule. The finding that SGLT1 levels in these rats were not altered to the same extent as SGLT2 levels further supports the hypothesis that the cotransporters are differentially regulated (Vestri et al., J. Membr. Biol., 2001, 182, 105-112).

Although studies of SGLT function and localization in multiple mammalian species, including rat, mouse, pig, rabbit and dog, indicated that SGLT2 is the low-affinity renal SGLT, the identity of the human SGLT responsible for glucose reabsorption across the brush border of the human proximal tubule remained unclear. The lack of information describing SGLT protein localization in renal brush border further hindered the identification of the human low-affinity SGLT. Molecular genetic analysis of SGLT1 and SGLT2 indicated that a genetic alteration in the SGLT2 gene is a likely cause of renal glycosuria, a condition characterized by elevated excretion of glucose in the urine (Hediger et al., Klin. Wochenschr., 1989, 67, 843-846). Direct evidence of SGLT function in the reabsorption of glucose came from analysis of the SGLT2 gene in a patient with congenital isolated renal glucosuria. Sequence analysis revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation in exon 11 of the SGLT2 gene leading to the formation of a truncated protein which is predicted to lack cotransport function (van den Heuvel et al., Hum. Genet., 2002, 111, 544-547).

Whereas SGLT2 deficiency leads to inhibited reabsorption of glucose, SGLT2 elevation potentially allows for increased glucose uptake and is observed in metastatic lesions of lung cancer. Quantitation of SGLT2 gene expression revealed no significant difference between normal lung tissue and primary lung cancer. However, the metatstatic lesions of both the liver and lymph node exhibited significantly higher expression of SGLT2 (Ishikawa et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 2001, 92, 874-879). This finding is significant in light of evidence that different clinical tumors show significantly increased glucose uptake in vivo compared to normal tissue. Such a change in metabolism confers an advantage to tumor cells which allows them to survive and invade. Furthermore, glucose uptake correlates with tumor aggressiveness and prognosis (Dang and Semenza, Trends Biochem. Sci., 1999, 24, 68-72).

Diabetes is a disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to deficient insulin action. Chronic hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for diabetes-associated complications, including heart disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. As the kidneys play a major role in the regulation of plasma glucose levels, renal glucose transporters are becoming attractive drug targets (Wright, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2001, 280, F10-18). Synthetic agents that are derived from phlorizin, a specific inhibitor of sodium/glucose transporters, have been designed and include T-1095, and its metabolically active form T-1095A (Tsujihara et al., J. Med. Chem., 1999, 42, 5311-5324). Phlorizin, T-1095 and T-1095A all inhibited sodium-dependent glucose uptake in brush border membranes prepared from normal and diabetic rat kidney, rat small intestine, mouse kidney and dog kidney, as well as in Xenopus oocytes injected with human SGLT mRNA (Oku et al., Diabetes, 1999, 48, 1794-1800; Oku et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2000, 391, 183-192). These agents have been tested as antidiabetic compounds in laboratory animals with genetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. In these models, administration of these compounds inhibited renal SGLT activity, increased urinary glucose excretion and improved glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia and hypoinsulemia (Arakawa et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 132, 578-586; Oku et al., Diabetes, 1999, 48, 1794-1800; Oku et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2000, 391, 183-192). Prolonged treatment of db/db mice with T-1095 yielded similar results and also almost completely suppressed the increase of urinary albumin and improved renal glomeruli pathology, indicating a beneficial influence on renal disfunction and a protective effect against nephropathy, respectively (Arakawa et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 132, 578-586). Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease that develops in many patients with diabetes. In Zucker diabetic fatty rats, long-term treatment with T-1095 lowered both fed and fasting glucose levels to near normal ranges. Also observed were recovered hepatic glucose production and glucose utilization rates without a significant improvement in skeletal muscle glucose utilization rate, indicating that hyperglycemia contributes to insulin resistance in hepatic and adipose tissue in this rat model of diabetes. These results further suggest that glucotoxicity, which results from long-term hyperglycemia, induces tissue-dependent insulin resistance in diabetic patients (Nawano et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2000, 278, E535-543).

Other SGLT2 inhibiting compounds are known in the art, such as the c-aryl glucosides disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,126, which are inhibitors of sodium dependent glucose transporters found in the intestine and kidney and are proposed to treat diabetes, hyperglycemia and related diseases when used alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents (Ellsworth et al., 2002).

The US pre-grant publication 20030055019 discloses isolated mutant proteins selected from a group which includes SGLT2, the corresponding nucleic acid molecules encoding said mutant proteins, isolated antisense derivatives of the nucleic acid sequences encoding said mutant proteins, as well as methods of delivering said antisense nucleic acid derivatives to treat or prevent hypertension, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, obesity, dyslipidemia and stroke. This application also discloses the antisense molecules may be DNA or RNA or a chimeric mixture, single-stranded or double-stranded or may comprise a ribozyme or catalytic RNA (Shimkets, 2003).

The European Patent Applications EP 1 293 569 and EP 1 308 459 disclose a polynucleotide comprising a protein-coding region of the nucleotide sequence of any one of a group of sequences which includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding human SGLT2, an oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 nucleotides complementary to the nucleotide sequence or to a complementary strand thereof and an antisense polynucleotide against the disclosed polynucleotide or a part thereof. These applications disclose the use of said antisense polynucleotides for suppressing the expression of a polypeptide of the invention and for gene therapy (Isogai et al., 2003; Isogai et al., 2003).

Although phlorizin and its derivatives are potent inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporters, these agents do not specifically inhibit a single species of SGLT, thus all SGLTs in all tissues are affected. Thus, there remains a need for therapeutic compounds that targets specific SGLT species. Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing the expression of specific gene products and may therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic and research applications for the modulation of SGLT2 expression.

The present invention provides compounds and methods for modulating SGLT2 expression.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to oligomeric compounds, especially nucleic acid and nucleic acid-like oligomers, such as antisense compounds, which are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding SGLT2, and which modulate the expression of SGLT2. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of screening for modulators of SGLT2 and methods of modulating the expression of SGLT2 in cells, tissues or animals comprising contacting the cells, tissues or animals with one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention. Further provided are diagnostic methods for identifying a disease state by identifying the presence of SGLT2 in a sample using one or more of the compounds of the invention. Methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of SGLT2 are also set forth herein. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention to the person, who may be in need of treatment.

Also provided are methods of enhancing inhibition of expression of preselected cellular RNA targets in kidney cells and kidney tissue using compounds, such as antisense compounds, of the invention. Further provided are methods of preventing or delaying the onset of a disease or condition in an animal, wherein the disease or condition is associated with expression of a preselected cellular RNA target expressed in the kidney, particularly SGLT2. Methods of lowering blood glucose levels in an animal and methods of delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes also are set forth herein. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of the invention to the animal, which may be in need of treatment. Provided herein are methods of enhancing inhibition of expression of SGLT2 in kidney cells or kidney tissues, comprising contacting the cells or tissues with one or more of the compounds of the invention, such as antisense compounds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention employs oligomeric compounds, preferably oligonucleotides and similar species, such as antisense compounds, for use in modulating the function or effect of nucleic acid molecules encoding SGLT2. This is accomplished by providing oligomeric compounds, such as oligonucleotides, which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding SGLT2.

In one embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”), composed of a central “gap” region consisting of 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by “wings” composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. In some embodiments, the internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, one or more cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines.

In another embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are chimeric oligonucleotides having mixed phosphorothioate and phosphodiester backbones, referred to herein as “mixed backbone compounds.” The mixed backbone compounds of the invention can have a central “gap” region consisting of at least 5 contiguous 2′-deoxy nucleosides flanked by two “wing” regions consisting of at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleoside in each region. The internucleoside linkages of the mixed backbone compounds can be phosphorothioate linkages in the central “gap” region and phosphodiester linkages in the two “wing” regions. In another embodiment, mixed backbone compounds have phosphodiester linkages in the “wing” regions except for one phosphodiester linkage at one or both of the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends of the oligonucleotide.

It is shown herein that mixed backbone compounds are efficiently delivered to the kidney and treatment with the mixed backbone compounds results in efficient modulation of target gene expression in the kidney without liver or kidney toxicity. It is further shown herein that treatment with mixed backbone compounds in animal models of type 2 diabetes reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic animals.

As used herein, the terms “target nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2” have been used for convenience to encompass DNA encoding SGLT2, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The hybridization of a compound of this invention with its target nucleic acid is generally referred to as “antisense.” Consequently, one mechanism believed to be included in the practice of some embodiments of the invention is referred to herein as “antisense inhibition.” Such antisense inhibition is typically based upon hydrogen bonding-based hybridization of oligonucleotide strands or segments such that at least one strand or segment is cleaved, degraded, or otherwise rendered inoperable. In this regard, specific nucleic acid molecules and their functions can be targeted for such antisense inhibition.

The functions of DNA to be interfered with can include replication and transcription. Replication and transcription, for example, can be from an endogenous cellular template, a vector, a plasmid construct or otherwise. The functions of RNA to be interfered with can include functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to a site of protein translation, translocation of the RNA to sites within the cell which are distant from the site of RNA synthesis, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more RNA species, and catalytic activity or complex formation involving the RNA which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. One result of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of SGLT2. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” and “modulation of expression” mean either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the amount or levels of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the gene, e.g., DNA or RNA. Inhibition is often the desired form of modulation of expression and mRNA is often a desired target nucleic acid.

In the context of this invention, “hybridization” means the pairing of complementary strands of oligomeric compounds. In the present invention, one mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleobases) of the strands of oligomeric compounds. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.

An oligomeric compound, such as an antisense compound, is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a loss of activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.

In the present invention the phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which a compound of the invention will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances and in the context of this invention, “stringent conditions” under which oligomeric compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the oligomeric compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated.

“Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleobases of an oligomeric compound. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an oligonucleotide (an oligomeric compound), is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, said target nucleic acid being a DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be a complementary position. The oligonucleotide and the further DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of complementary positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleobases which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of precise pairing or complementarity over a sufficient number of nucleobases such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid.

It is understood in the art that the sequence of an oligomeric compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. Moreover, an oligomeric compound may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure or hairpin structure). The antisense compounds of the present invention can comprise at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence complementarity to the target region within the target nucleic acid sequence to which they are targeted. For example, an antisense compound in which 18 of 20 nucleobases of the antisense compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleobases may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleobases and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleobases. As such, an antisense compound which is 18 nucleobases in length having 4 (four) noncomplementary nucleobases which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403-410; Zhang and Madden, Genome Res., 1997, 7, 649-656).

Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., 1981, 2, 482-489). In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the oligomeric and target is from about 50% to about 60%, from about 60% to about 70%, from about 70% to about 80%, from about 80% to about 90%, about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%. As used herein, the term “about” means±5% of the value modified.

According to the present invention, oligomeric compounds, such as antisense compounds, include antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges or loops. Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect modification of the target nucleic acid.

One non-limiting example of such an enzyme is RNAse H, a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense compounds which are “DNA-like” elicit RNAse H. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression. Similar roles have been postulated for other ribonucleases such as those in the RNase III and ribonuclease L family of enzymes.

While one form of antisense compound is a single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide, in many species the introduction of double-stranded structures, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, has been shown to induce potent and specific antisense-mediated reduction of the function of a gene or its associated gene products. This phenomenon occurs in both plants and animals and is believed to have an evolutionary connection to viral defense and transposon silencing.

The first evidence that dsRNA could lead to gene silencing in animals came in 1995 from work in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (Guo and Kempheus, Cell, 1995, 81, 611-620). Montgomery et al. have shown that the primary interference effects of dsRNA are posttranscriptional (Montgomery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 15502-15507). The posttranscriptional antisense mechanism defined in Caenorhabditis elegans resulting from exposure to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has since been designated RNA interference (RNAi). This term has been generalized to mean antisense-mediated gene silencing involving the introduction of dsRNA leading to the sequence-specific reduction of endogenous targeted mRNA levels (Fire et al., Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811). Recently, it has been shown that it is, in fact, the single-stranded RNA oligomers of antisense polarity of the dsRNAs which are the potent inducers of RNAi (Tijsterman et al., Science, 2002, 295, 694-697).

The oligomeric compounds of the present invention also include modified compounds in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenosine, modified compounds may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosine or cytidine at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antisense compound. These compounds are then tested using the methods described herein to determine their ability to inhibit expression of SGLT2 mRNA.

In the context of this invention, the term “oligomeric compound” refers to a polymer or oligomer comprising a plurality of monomeric units. In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics, chimeras, analogs and homologs thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often desired over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for a target nucleic acid and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

While oligonucleotides are one form of the antisense compounds of this invention, the present invention comprehends other families of antisense compounds as well, including but not limited to oligonucleotide analogs and mimetics such as those described herein.

The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention can comprise from about 8 to about 80 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 80 linked nucleosides). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the invention embodies compounds of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 nucleobases in length, or any range therewithin.

In one embodiment, the antisense compounds of the invention are 10 to 50 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 nucleobases in length, or any range therewithin.

In another embodiment, the antisense compounds of the invention are 13 to 30 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleobases in length, or any range therewithin.

In another embodiment, the antisense compounds of the invention are 15 to 25 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds of 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleobases in length, or any range therewithin.

In another embodiment, the antisense compounds of the invention are 18 to 22 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds of 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 nucleobases in length, or any range therewithin.

Particularly suitable compounds are oligonucleotides from about 10 to about 50 nucleobases, from about 13 to about 30 nucleobases, from about 15 to about 25, and from about 18 to about 22 nucleobases.

Antisense compounds 8 to 80 nucleobases in length comprising a stretch of at least eight (8) consecutive nucleobases selected from within the illustrative antisense compounds are considered to be suitable antisense compounds as well.

Exemplary antisense compounds include oligonucleotide sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative antisense compounds (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same oligonucleotide beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the antisense compound which is specifically hybridizable to the target nucleic acid and continuing until the oligonucleotide contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). Similarly suitable antisense compounds are represented by oligonucleotide sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative antisense compounds (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same oligonucleotide beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the antisense compound which is specifically hybridizable to the target nucleic acid and continuing until the oligonucleotide contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). It is also understood that antisense compounds may be represented by oligonucleotide sequences that comprise at least 8 consecutive nucleobases from an internal portion of the sequence of an illustrative antisense compound, and may extend in either or both directions until the oligonucleotide contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases.

One having skill in the art armed with the antisense compounds illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify additional antisense compounds.

“Targeting” an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid molecule, in the context of this invention, can be a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a target nucleic acid whose function is to be modulated. This target nucleic acid may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target nucleic acid encodes SGLT2.

The targeting process usually also includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., modulation of expression, will result. Within the context of the present invention, the term “region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic. Within regions of target nucleic acids are segments. “Segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid. “Sites,” as used in the present invention, are defined as positions within a target nucleic acid.

Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon.” A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding SGLT2, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons. It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively).

The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon. Consequently, the “start codon region” (or “translation initiation codon region”) and the “stop codon region” (or “translation termination codon region”) are all regions which may be targeted effectively with the antisense compounds of the present invention.

The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Within the context of the present invention, a suitable region is the intragenic region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of a gene.

Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene), and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). The 5′ cap site of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap site. It is also suitable to target the 5′ cap region.

Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. Targeting splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions or exon-intron junctions, may also be particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also suitable target sites. mRNA transcripts produced via the process of splicing of two (or more) mRNAs from different gene sources are known as “fusion transcripts.” It is also known that introns can be effectively targeted using antisense compounds targeted to, for example, DNA or pre-mRNA.

It is also known in the art that alternative RNA transcripts can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. These alternative transcripts are generally known as “variants.” More specifically, “pre-mRNA variants” are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence.

Upon excision of one or more exon or intron regions, or portions thereof during splicing, pre-mRNA variants produce smaller “mRNA variants.” Consequently, mRNA variants are processed pre-mRNA variants and each unique pre-mRNA variant must always produce a unique mRNA variant as a result of splicing. These mRNA variants are also known as “alternative splice variants.” If no splicing of the pre-mRNA variant occurs then the pre-mRNA variant is identical to the mRNA variant.

It is also known in the art that variants can be produced through the use of alternative signals to start or stop transcription and that pre-mRNAs and mRNAs can possess more that one start codon or stop codon. Variants that originate from a pre-mRNA or mRNA that use alternative start codons are known as “alternative start variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. Those transcripts that use an alternative stop codon are known as “alternative stop variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. One specific type of alternative stop variant is the “polyA variant” in which the multiple transcripts produced result from the alternative selection of one of the “polyA stop signals” by the transcription machinery, thereby producing transcripts that terminate at unique polyA sites. Within the context of the invention, the types of variants described herein are also suitable target nucleic acids.

The locations on the target nucleic acid to which the antisense compounds hybridize are hereinbelow referred to as “suitable target segments.” As used herein the term “suitable target segment” is defined as at least an 8-nucleobase portion of a target region to which an active antisense compound is targeted. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is presently believed that these target segments represent portions of the target nucleic acid which are accessible for hybridization.

While the specific sequences of certain preferred target segments are set forth herein, one of skill in the art will recognize that these serve to illustrate and describe particular embodiments within the scope of the present invention. Additional target segments may be identified by one having ordinary skill.

Target segments 8-80 nucleobases in length comprising a stretch of at least eight (8) consecutive nucleobases selected from within the illustrative target segments are considered to be suitable for targeting as well.

Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). Target segments are also represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). It is also understood that antisense target segments may be represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least 8 consecutive nucleobases from an internal portion of the sequence of an illustrative target segment, and may extend in either or both directions until the oligonucleotide contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases. One having skill in the art armed with the target segments illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further target segments.

Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, antisense compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

The oligomeric antisense compounds may also be targeted to regions of the target nucleobase sequence (e.g., such as those disclosed in Example 16) comprising nucleobases 1-80, 81-160, 161-240, 241-320, 321-400, 401-480, 481-560, 561-640, 641-720, 721-800, 801-880, 881-960, 961-1040, 1041-1120, 1121-1200, 1201-1280, 1281-1360, 1361-1440, 1441-1520, 1521-1600, 1601-1680, 1681-1760, 1761-1840, 1841-1920, 1921-2000, 2001-2080, 2081-2160, 2161-2240, 2241-2273, or any combination thereof.

In a further embodiment, the “suitable target segments” identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional compounds that modulate the expression of SGLT2. “Modulators” are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2 and which comprise at least an 8-nucleobase portion which is complementary to a target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2 with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of SGLT2, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.

The target segments of the present invention may be also be combined with their respective complementary antisense compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides.

Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processsing via an antisense mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications (Fire et al., Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811; Timmons and Fire, Nature 1998, 395, 854; Timmons et al., Gene, 2001, 263, 103-112; Tabara et al., Science, 1998, 282, 430-431; Montgomery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 15502-15507; Tuschl et al., Genes Dev., 1999, 13, 3191-3197; Elbashir et al., Nature, 2001, 411, 494-498; Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 188-200). For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antisense strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target (Tijsterman et al., Science, 2002, 295, 694-697).

The antisense compounds of the present invention can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the compounds and target segments identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between SGLT2 and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating SGLT2 comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of SGLT2 and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotype.

The antisense compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.

For use in kits and diagnostics, the compounds of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues.

As one nonlimiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense compounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds which affect expression patterns.

Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)(Madden, et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2000, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman, Methods Enzymol., 1999, 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and proteomics (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larsson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., Anal. Biochem., 2000, 286, 91-98; Larson, et al., Cytometry, 2000, 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2000, 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 1998, 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, Eur. J. Cancer, 1999, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen, 2000, 3, 235-41).

The antisense compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding SGLT2. For example, oligonucleotides that are shown to hybridize with such efficiency and under such conditions as disclosed herein as to be effective SGLT2 inhibitors will also be effective primers or probes under conditions favoring gene amplification or detection, respectively. These primers and probes are useful in methods requiring the specific detection of nucleic acid molecules encoding SGLT2 and in the amplification of said nucleic acid molecules for detection or for use in further studies of SGLT2. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides, particularly the primers and probes, of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding SGLT2 can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of SGLT2 in a sample may also be prepared.

The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes, have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that antisense compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

For therapeutics, an animal, such as a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of SGLT2 is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a SGLT2 inhibitor. The animal may or may not have already been identifies as being in need of treatment. That is, the animal may or may not have been diagnosed with a particular disease or disorder. The SGLT2 inhibitors of the present invention effectively inhibit the activity of the SGLT2 protein or inhibit the expression of the SGLT2 protein. In some embodiments, the activity or expression of SGLT2 in an animal or cell is inhibited by at least about 10%, by at least about 20%, by at least about 30%, by at least about 40%, by at least about 50%, by at least about 60%, by at least about 70%, by at least about 75%, by at least about 80%, by at least about 85%, by at least about 90%, by at least about 95%, by at least about 97%, by at least about 99%, or by 100%.

For example, the reduction of the expression of SGLT2 may be measured in serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. The cells contained within the fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed can contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2 protein and/or the SGLT2 protein itself.

The antisense compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically.

As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base sometimes referred to as a “nucleobase” or simply a “base.” The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn, the respective ends of this linear polymeric compound can be further joined to form a circular compound, however, linear compounds are generally desired. In addition, linear compounds may have internal nucleobase complementarity and may therefore fold in a manner as to produce a fully or partially double-stranded compound. Within oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

Modified Internucleoside Linkages (Backbones)

Specific examples of antisense compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleotides.

Modified oligonucleotide backbones containing a phosphorus atom therein include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriaminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′ to 3′, 5′ to 5′ or 2′ to 2′ linkage. Oligonucleotides having inverted polarity can comprise a single 3′ to 3′ linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage i.e. a single inverted nucleoside residue which may be abasic (the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxyl group in place thereof). Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,194,599; 5,565,555; 5,527,899; 5,721,218; 5,672,697 and 5,625,050.

Modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein can have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439.

Modified Sugar and Internucleoside Linkages-Mimetics

In other antisense compounds, e.g., oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage (i.e. the backbone), of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The nucleobase units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate target nucleic acid. One such compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.

Some embodiments of the invention include oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH₂—NH—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—CH₂— (known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone), —CH₂—O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—CH₂— and —O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂— (wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH₂—) of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also suitable are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.

Modified Sugars

Modified antisense compounds may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Antisense compounds, such as antisense oligonucleotides, can comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; O—, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl or C₂ to C10 alkenyl and alkynyl. Also suitable are O((CH₂)_(n)O)_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)OCH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, and O(CH₂)_(n)ON((CH₂)_(n)CH₃)₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other oligonucleotides can comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C₁ to C₁₀ lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. One modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′-O—CH₂CH₂OCH₃, also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. Another modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂ group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethyl-amino-ethoxy-ethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O—CH₂—O—CH₂—N(CH₃)₂, also described in examples hereinbelow.

Other modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-O—CH₃), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′-OCH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂), 2′-allyl (2′-CH₂—CH═CH₂), 2′-O-allyl (2′-O—CH₂—CH═CH₂) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). The 2′-modification may be in the arabino (up) position or ribo (down) position. A preferred 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F. Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Antisense compounds may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; and 5,700,920.

Another modification of the sugar includes Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group is linked to the 3′ or 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring, thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety. The linkage can be a methylene (—CH₂—)_(n) group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2. LNAs and preparation thereof are described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

Natural and Modified Nucleobases

Antisense compounds may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art as heterocyclic base or simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH₃) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazine cytidine(1H-pyrimido(5,4-b)(1,4)benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido(5,4-b)(1,4)benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g. 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido(5,4-b)(1,4)benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido(4,5-b)indol-2-one), pyridoindole cytidine (H-pyrido(3′,2′:4,5)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. and are presently suitable base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with T-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,830,653; 5,763,588; 6,005,096; and 5,681,941, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,692.

Conjugates

Another modification of the antisense compounds of the invention involves chemically linking to the antisense compound one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. These moieties or conjugates can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include, but are not limited to, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typical conjugate groups include, but are not limited to, cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmaco-dynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, enhance resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with the target nucleic acid. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the compounds of the present invention. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860. Conjugate moieties include, but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether, e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol, a thiocholesterol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate, a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety. Antisense compounds of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodo-benzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indo-methicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic. Oligonucleotide-drug conjugates and their preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/334,130 (filed Jun. 15, 1999).

Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941.

Chimeric Compounds

It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide.

The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. “Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. Chimeric antisense oligonucleotides are thus a form of antisense compound. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, increased stability and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNAse H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression. The cleavage of RNA:RNA hybrids can, in like fashion, be accomplished through the actions of endoribonucleases, such as RNAseL which cleaves both cellular and viral RNA. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.

Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922.

The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756.

The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. For oligonucleotides, examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860. Potassium and sodium salts are typical salts.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.

The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, foams and liposome-containing formulations. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations of the present invention may comprise one or more penetration enhancers, carriers, excipients or other active or inactive ingredients.

Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Microemulsions are included as an embodiment of the present invention. Emulsions and their uses are well known in the art and are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.

Formulations of the present invention include liposomal formulations. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers. Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior that contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which are believed to interact with negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. Liposomes that are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged are believed to entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Both cationic and noncationic liposomes have been used to deliver DNA to cells.

Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome comprises one or more glycolipids or is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. Liposomes and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.

The pharmaceutical formulations and compositions of the present invention may also include surfactants. The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions is well known in the art. Surfactants and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.

In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants. Penetration enhancers and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.

One of skill in the art will recognize that formulations are routinely designed according to their intended use, i.e. route of administration.

Formulations for topical administration include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA).

For topical or other administration, oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Fatty acids and esters, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860. Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/315,298 filed on May 20, 1999.

Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Suitable oral formulations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Bile acids/salts and fatty acids and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860. Also suitable are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly suitable combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860. Oral formulations for oligonucleotides and their preparation are described in detail in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/108,673 (filed Jul. 1, 1998), 09/315,298 (filed May 20, 1999) and 10/071,822, filed Feb. 8, 2002 and published as U.S. Application No. 2003-0027780.

Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more oligomeric compounds and one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, cancer chemotherapeutic drugs such as daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bis-chloroethylnitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs including, but not limited to, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs including, but not limited to, ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. Combinations of antisense compounds and other non-antisense drugs are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Alternatively, compositions of the invention may contain two or more antisense compounds targeted to different regions of the same nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration (dosing) is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC₅₀s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, from 0.1 μg to 10 g per kg of body weight, from 1 μg to 1 g per kg of body weight, from 10 μg to 100 mg per kg of body weight, from 100 μg to 10 mg per kg of body weight, or from 100 μg to 1 mg per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.0001 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

In order that the invention disclosed herein may be more efficiently understood, examples are provided below. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any manner. Throughout these examples, molecular cloning reactions, and other standard recombinant DNA techniques, were carried out according to methods described in Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989), using commercially available reagents, except where otherwise noted.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of Nucleoside Phosphoramidites

The following compounds, including amidites and their intermediates were prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,220 and published PCT WO 02/36743; 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-thymidine intermediate for 5-methyl dC amidite, 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-deoxy-5-methylcytidine intermediate for 5-methyl-dC amidite, 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-deoxy-N4-benzoyl-5-methylcytidine penultimate intermediate for 5-methyl dC amidite, (5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-deoxy-N4-benzoyl-5-methylcytidin-3′-O-yl)-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (5-methyl dC amidite), 2′-Fluorodeoxyadenosine, 2′-Fluorodeoxyguanosine, 2′-Fluorouridine, 2′-Fluorodeoxycytidine, 2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) modified amidites, 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine intermediate, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine penultimate intermediate, (5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridin-3′-O-yl)-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE T amidite), 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methylcytidine intermediate, 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-benzoyl-5-methyl-cytidine penultimate intermediate, (5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-benzoyl-5-methylcytidin-3′-O-yl)-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE 5-Me-C amidite), (5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁶-benzoyladenosin-3′-O-yl)-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE A amdite), (5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-isobutyrylguanosin-3′-O-yl)-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE G amidite), 2′-O-(Aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites and 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxy-ethyl) nucleoside amidites, 2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites, 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 2′-O-((2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl)-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-((2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O—(N,N dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 2′-β-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-((2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite), 2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites, N2-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-((2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite), 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2′-DMAEOE) nucleoside amidites, 2′-O-(2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)-5-methyl uridine, 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl))-5-methyl uridine and 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl))-5-methyl uridine-3′-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite.

Example 2 Oligonucleotide and Oligonucleoside Synthesis

The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

Oligonucleotides:

Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P═O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 394) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine.

Phosphorothioates (P═S) are synthesized similar to phosphodiester oligonucleotides with the following exceptions: thiation was effected by utilizing a 10% w/v solution of 3,H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the oxidation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation reaction step time was increased to 180 sec and preceded by the normal capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (12-16 hr), the oligonucleotides were recovered by precipitating with >3 volumes of ethanol from a 1 M NH₄OAc solution. Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270.

Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863.

3′-Deoxy-3′-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050.

Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878.

Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively).

3′-Deoxy-3′-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925.

Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243.

Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198.

Oligonucleosides:

Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P═O or P═S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289.

Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564.

Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618.

Example 3 RNA Synthesis

In general, RNA synthesis chemistry is based on the selective incorporation of various protecting groups at strategic intermediary reactions. Although one of ordinary skill in the art will understand the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis, a useful class of protecting groups includes silyl ethers. In particular bulky silyl ethers are used to protect the 5′-hydroxyl in combination with an acid-labile orthoester protecting group on the 2′-hydroxyl. This set of protecting groups is then used with standard solid-phase synthesis technology. It is important to lastly remove the acid labile orthoester protecting group after all other synthetic steps. Moreover, the early use of the silyl protecting groups during synthesis ensures facile removal when desired, without undesired deprotection of 2′ hydroxyl.

Following this procedure for the sequential protection of the 5′-hydroxyl in combination with protection of the 2′-hydroxyl by protecting groups that are differentially removed and are differentially chemically labile, RNA oligonucleotides were synthesized.

RNA oligonucleotides are synthesized in a stepwise fashion. Each nucleotide is added sequentially (3′- to 5′-direction) to a solid support-bound oligonucleotide. The first nucleoside at the 3′-end of the chain is covalently attached to a solid support. The nucleotide precursor, a ribonucleoside phosphoramidite, and activator are added, coupling the second base onto the 5′-end of the first nucleoside. The support is washed and any unreacted 5′-hydroxyl groups are capped with acetic anhydride to yield 5′-acetyl moieties. The linkage is then oxidized to the more stable and ultimately desired P(V) linkage. At the end of the nucleotide addition cycle, the 5′-silyl group is cleaved with fluoride. The cycle is repeated for each subsequent nucleotide.

Following synthesis, the methyl protecting groups on the phosphates are cleaved in 30 minutes utilizing 1 M disodium-2-carbamoyl-2-cyanoethylene-1,1-dithiolate trihydrate (S₂Na₂) in DMF. The deprotection solution is washed from the solid support-bound oligonucleotide using water. The support is then treated with 40% methylamine in water for 10 minutes at 55° C. This releases the RNA oligonucleotides into solution, deprotects the exocyclic amines, and modifies the 2′-groups. The oligonucleotides can be analyzed by anion exchange HPLC at this stage.

The 2′-orthoester groups are the last protecting groups to be removed. The ethylene glycol monoacetate orthoester protecting group developed by Dharmacon Research, Inc. (Lafayette, Colo.), is one example of a useful orthoester protecting group which, has the following important properties. It is stable to the conditions of nucleoside phosphoramidite synthesis and oligonucleotide synthesis. However, after oligonucleotide synthesis the oligonucleotide is treated with methylamine which not only cleaves the oligonucleotide from the solid support but also removes the acetyl groups from the orthoesters. The resulting 2-ethyl-hydroxyl substituents on the orthoester are less electron withdrawing than the acetylated precursor. As a result, the modified orthoester becomes more labile to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Specifically, the rate of cleavage is approximately 10 times faster after the acetyl groups are removed. Therefore, this orthoester possesses sufficient stability in order to be compatible with oligonucleotide synthesis and yet, when subsequently modified, permits deprotection to be carried out under relatively mild aqueous conditions compatible with the final RNA oligonucleotide product.

Additionally, methods of RNA synthesis are well known in the art (Scaringe, S. A. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, 1996; Scaringe, S. A., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 11820-11821; Matteucci, M. D. and Caruthers, M. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 3185-3191; Beaucage, S. L. and Caruthers, M. H. Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, 22, 1859-1862; Dahl, B. J., et al., Acta Chem. Scand, 1990, 44, 639-641; Reddy, M. P., et al., Tetrahedrom Lett., 1994, 25, 4311-4314; Wincott, F. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1995, 23, 2677-2684; Griffin, B. E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 2301-2313; Griffin, B. E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 2315-2331).

RNA antisense compounds (RNA oligonucleotides) of the present invention can be synthesized by the methods herein or purchased from Dharmacon Research, Inc (Lafayette, Colo.). Once synthesized, complementary RNA antisense compounds can then be annealed by methods known in the art to form double stranded (duplexed) antisense compounds. For example, duplexes can be formed by combining 30 ml of each of the complementary strands of RNA oligonucleotides (50 uM RNA oligonucleotide solution) and 15 μl of 5× annealing buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate) followed by heating for 1 minute at 90° C., then 1 hour at 37° C. The resulting duplexed antisense compounds can be used in kits, assays, screens, or other methods to investigate the role of a target nucleic acid, or for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Example 4 Synthesis of Chimeric Compounds

Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the “gap” segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5′ and 3′ “wing” segments of linked nucleosides and a second “open end” type wherein the “gap” segment is located at either the 3′ or the 5′ terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers” or “wingmers”.

(2′-O-Me)-(2′-deoxy)-(2′-O-Me) Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2′-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 394, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2′-deoxy-5′-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for 5′ and 3′ wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by incorporating coupling steps with increased reaction times for the 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and deprotected in concentrated ammonia (NH₄OH) for 12-16 hr at 55° C. The deprotected oligo is then recovered by an appropriate method (precipitation, column chromatography, volume reduced in vacuo and analyzed spectrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.

(2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)-(2′-deoxy)-(2′-O-(Methoxyethyl)) Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

(2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl))-(2′-deoxy)-(-2′O-(methoxyethyl)) chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites.

(2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester)-(2′-deoxy Phosphorothioate)-(2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester) Chimeric Oligonucleotides

(2′O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester)-(2′-deoxy phosphorothioate)-(2′-O -(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester) chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2′O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2′-O -(methoxyethyl)amidites for the 2′O-methyl amidites, oxidation with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.

Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 5 Design and Screening of Duplexed Antisense Compounds Targeting SGLT2

In accordance with the present invention, a series of nucleic acid duplexes comprising the antisense compounds of the present invention and their complements can be designed to target SGLT2. The nucleobase sequence of the antisense strand of the duplex comprises at least an 8-nucleobase portion of an oligonucleotide in Table 1. The ends of the strands may be modified by the addition of one or more natural or modified nucleobases to form an overhang. The sense strand of the dsRNA is then designed and synthesized as the complement of the antisense strand and may also contain modifications or additions to either terminus. For example, in one embodiment, both strands of the dsRNA duplex would be complementary over the central nucleobases, each having overhangs at one or both termini.

For example, a duplex comprising an antisense strand having the sequence CGAGAGGCGGACGGGACCG (SEQ ID NO: 268) and having a two-nucleobase overhang of deoxythymidine(dT) would have the following structure:

In another embodiment, a duplex comprising an antisense strand having the same sequence CGAGAGGCGGACGGGACCG (SEQ ID NO: 268) may be prepared with blunt ends (no single stranded overhang) as shown:

RNA strands of the duplex can be synthesized by methods disclosed herein or purchased from Dharmacon Research Inc., (Lafayette, Colo.). Once synthesized, the complementary strands are annealed. The single strands are aliquoted and diluted to a concentration of 50 μM. Once diluted, 30 μL of each strand is combined with 15 μL of a 5× solution of annealing buffer. The final concentration of said buffer is 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, and 2 mM magnesium acetate. The final volume is 75 μL. This solution is incubated for 1 minute at 90° C. and then centrifuged for 15 seconds. The tube is allowed to sit for 1 hour at 37° C. at which time the dsRNA duplexes are used in experimentation. The final concentration of the dsRNA duplex is 20 μM. This solution can be stored frozen (−20° C.) and freeze-thawed up to 5 times.

Once prepared, the duplexed antisense compounds are evaluated for their ability to modulate SGLT2 expression.

When cells reached 80% confluency, they are treated with duplexed antisense compounds of the invention. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells are washed once with 200 μL OPTI-MEM-1 reduced-serum medium (Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM-1 containing 12 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN (Gibco BRL) and the desired duplex antisense compound at a final concentration of 200 nM. After 5 hours of treatment, the medium is replaced with fresh medium. Cells are harvested 16 hours after treatment, at which time RNA is isolated and target reduction measured by RT-PCR.

Example 6 Oligonucleotide Isolation

After cleavage from the controlled pore glass solid support and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 12-16 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleotides are recovered by precipitation out of 1 M NH₄OAc with >3 volumes of ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by electrospray mass spectroscopy (molecular weight determination) and by capillary gel electrophoresis and judged to be at least 70% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in the synthesis was determined by the ratio of correct molecular weight relative to the −16 amu product (+/−32+/−48). For some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material.

Example 7 Oligonucleotide Synthesis—96 Well Plate Format

Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a 96-well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base-protected beta-cyanoethyl-diiso-propyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., or Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per standard or patented methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites.

Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH₄OH at elevated temperature (55-60° C.) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo. The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors.

Example 8 Oligonucleotide Analysis—96-Well Plate Format

The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. The full-length integrity of the individual products was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96-well format (Beckman P/ACE™ MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE™ 5000, ABI 270). Base and backbone composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test plates were diluted from the master plate using single and multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be acceptable if at least 85% of the compounds on the plate were at least 85% full length.

Example 9 Cell Culture and Oligonucleotide Treatment

The effect of antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. The following cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, ribonuclease protection assays, or RT-PCR.

T-24 Cells:

The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy's 5A basal media (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

A549 Cells:

The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence.

NHDF Cells:

Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville, Md.). NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

HEK Cells:

Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville, Md.). HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

HK-2 Cells:

HK-2 (human kidney 2) is a proximal tubular cell (PTC) line derived from normal kidney cells immortalized by transduction with human papilloma virus 16 (HPV-16) E6/E7 genes (CRL-2190, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.). HK-2 cells were routinely cultured in Keratinocyte-Serum Free Medium (17005-042, Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) which includes 5 ng/ml recombinant epidermal growth factor and 0.05 mg/ml bovine pituitary extract. Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and split at a ratio of 1:4 when they reached 70-80% confluence. One day prior to transfection, cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) at a density of 10,000 cells/well.

b.END cells:

The mouse brain endothelial cell line b.END was obtained from Dr. Werner Risau at the Max Plank Instititute (Bad Nauheim, Germany). b.END cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 3000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

Treatment with Antisense Compounds:

When cells reached 65-75% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 100 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 reduced-serum medium (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM™-1 containing 3.75 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) and the desired concentration of oligonucleotide. Cells are treated and data are obtained in triplicate. After 4-7 hours of treatment at 37° C., the medium was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.

The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. For human cells the positive control oligonucleotide is selected from either ISIS 13920 (TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 1) which is targeted to human H-ras, or ISIS 18078, (GTGCGCGCGAGCCCGAAATC, SEQ ID NO: 2) which is targeted to human Jun-N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2). Both controls are 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmers (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 15770, ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 3, a 2′-β-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of c-H-ras (for ISIS 13920), JNK2 (for ISIS 18078) or c-raf (for ISIS 15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of c-H-ras, JNK2 or c-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments. The concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides used herein are from 50 nM to 300 nM.

For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

Example 10 Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of SGLT2 Expression

Antisense modulation of SGLT2 expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, SGLT2 mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR(RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. The preferred method of RNA analysis of the present invention is the use of total cellular RNA as described in other examples herein. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. Northern blot analysis is also routine in the art. Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.

Protein levels of SGLT2 can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to SGLT2 can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional monoclonal or polyclonal antibody generation methods well known in the art.

Example 11 Design of Phenotypic Assays for the Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors Phenotypic Assays

Once SGLT2 inhibitors have been identified by the methods disclosed herein, the compounds are further investigated in one or more phenotypic assays, each having measurable endpoints predictive of efficacy in the treatment of a particular disease state or condition. Phenotypic assays, kits and reagents for their use are well known to those skilled in the art and are herein used to investigate the role and/or association of SGLT2 in health and disease. Representative phenotypic assays, which can be purchased from any one of several commercial vendors, include those for determining cell viability, cytotoxicity, proliferation or cell survival (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.; PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.), protein-based assays including enzymatic assays (Panvera, LLC, Madison, Wis.; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, N.J.; Oncogene Research Products, San Diego, Calif.), cell regulation, signal transduction, inflammation, oxidative processes and apoptosis (Assay Designs Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.), triglyceride accumulation (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), angiogenesis assays, tube formation assays, cytokine and hormone assays and metabolic assays (Chemicon International Inc., Temecula, Calif.; Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.).

In one non-limiting example, cells determined to be appropriate for a particular phenotypic assay (i.e., MCF-7 cells selected for breast cancer studies; adipocytes for obesity studies) are treated with SGLT2 inhibitors identified from the in vitro studies as well as control compounds at optimal concentrations which are determined by the methods described above. At the end of the treatment period, treated and untreated cells are analyzed by one or more methods specific for the assay to determine phenotypic outcomes and endpoints.

Phenotypic endpoints include changes in cell morphology over time or treatment dose as well as changes in levels of cellular components such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, hormones, saccharides or metals. Measurements of cellular status which include pH, stage of the cell cycle, intake or excretion of biological indicators by the cell, are also endpoints of interest.

Analysis of the genotype of the cell (measurement of the expression of one or more of the genes of the cell) after treatment is also used as an indicator of the efficacy or potency of the SGLT2 inhibitors. Hallmark genes, or those genes suspected to be associated with a specific disease state, condition, or phenotype, are measured in both treated and untreated cells.

Example 12 RNA Isolation

Poly(A)+ mRNA Isolation

Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al., (Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764). Other methods for poly(A)+ mRNA isolation are routine in the art. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl). After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70° C., was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90° C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.

Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.

Total RNA Isolation

Total RNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia, Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 150 μL Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 150 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 1 minute. 500 μL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and incubated for 15 minutes and the vacuum was again applied for 1 minute. An additional 500 μL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum was applied for 2 minutes. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 90 seconds. The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional 3 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 140 μL of RNAse free water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 3 minutes.

The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.). Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out.

Example 13 Real-time Quantitative PCR Analysis of SGLT2 mRNA Levels

Quantitation of SGLT2 mRNA levels was accomplished by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., FAM or JOE, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.

Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.

PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Corporation, (Carlsbad, Calif.). RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (2.5×PCR buffer minus MgCl₂, 6.6 mM MgCl₂, 375 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5×ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 μL total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the PLATINUM® Taq, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).

Gene target quantities obtained by real time RT-PCR are normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). GAPDH expression is quantified by real time RT-PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). Methods of RNA quantification by RiboGreen™ are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, (Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374).

In this assay, 170 μL of RiboGreen™ working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1:350 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) is pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 μL purified, cellular RNA. The plate is read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 530 nm.

Probes and primers to human SGLT2 were designed to hybridize to a human SGLT2 sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number NM_(—)003041.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 4). For human SGLT2 the PCR primers were:

(SEQ ID NO: 5) forward primer: TCGGCGTGCCCAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 6) reverse primer: AGAACAGCACAATGGCGAAGT and the PCR probe was:

(SEQ ID NO: 7) FAM-TCCTCTGCGGCGTGCACTACCTC-TAMRA where FAM is the fluorescent dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye. For human GAPDH the PCR primers were:

forward primer: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 8) reverse primer: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO: 9) and the PCR probe was:

(SEQ ID NO: 10) 5′ JOE-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC- TAMRA 3′ where JOE is the fluorescent reporter dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye.

Probes and primers to mouse SGLT2 were designed to hybridize to a mouse SGLT2 sequence, using published sequence information (the concatenation of the sequences with the GenBank accession numbers: AJ292928, AW106808, AI789450, AW046901, the complement of AI647605, the complement of AW107250, and the complement of AI788744, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 11). For mouse SGLT2 the PCR primers were:

(SEQ ID NO: 12) forward primer: TGTTGGACCCTCACAAAGAGTAAG (SEQ ID NO: 13) reverse primer: GCTGTATTCTTGCCCTGTTCCT and the PCR probe was:

(SEQ ID NO: 14) FAM-TTCTGGGATCCACTCCAAGCTGCTCA-TAMRA where FAM is the fluorescent reporter dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye. For mouse GAPDH the PCR primers were:

forward primer: GGCAAATTCAACGGCACAGT (SEQ ID NO: 15) reverse primer: GGGTCTCGCTCCTGGAAGAT (SEQ ID NO: 16) and the PCR probe was:

(SEQ ID NO: 17) 5′ JOE-AAGGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGTCATC- TAMRA 3′ where JOE is the fluorescent reporter dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye.

Example 14 Northern Blot Analysis of SGLT2 mRNA Levels

Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then probed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.

To detect human SGLT2, a human SGLT2 specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer TCGGCGTGCCCAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the reverse primer AGAACAGCACAATGGCGAAGT (SEQ ID NO: 6). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

To detect mouse SGLT2, a mouse SGLT2 specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer TGTTGGACCCTCACAAAGAGTAAG (SEQ ID NO: 12) and the reverse primer GCTGTATTCTTGCCCTGTTCCT (SEQ ID NO: 13). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for mouse glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls.

Example 15 Antisense Inhibition of Human SGLT2 Expression by Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Having 2′-MOE Wings and a Deoxy Gap

In accordance with the present invention, a series of antisense compounds was designed to target different regions of the human SGLT2 RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number NM_(—)003041.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 4). The compounds are shown in Table 1. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the compound binds. All compounds in Table 1 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on human SGLT2 mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. HK-2 cells were treated with 500 nM of antisense oligonucleotide mixed with 15 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN. Data are averages from three experiments in which HK-2 cells were treated with the antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”.

TABLE 1 Inhibition of human SGLT2 mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET TARGET % SEQ ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE INHIB ID NO 337873 Start Codon 4 1 tctccccaggatctgccccc 17 18 337874 Start Codon 4 15 gtgtgctcctccattctccc 41 19 337875 Coding 4 42 cccatctctggtgccgagcc 33 20 337876 Coding 4 70 aggattgtcaatcagggcct 49 21 337877 Coding 4 95 atgcagcaatgactaggatg 45 22 337878 Coding 4 124 caagccaacgccaatgacca 54 23 337879 Coding 4 150 cctctgttggttctgcacat 26 24 337880 Coding 4 182 tgcgtcctgccaggaagtag 25 25 337881 Coding 4 204 ccaaecggccaccacaccat 45 26 337882 Coding 4 262 agtccctgccaggcccacaa 43 27 337883 Coding 4 291 ccagcaacagccaagccact 37 28 337884 Coding 4 354 aggtacacgggtgcaaacag 48 29 337885 Coding 4 384 tactgtggcatcgtgatgac 28 30 337886 Coding 4 426 aggtagaggcggatgcggcg 24 31 337887 Coding 4 442 aagggagagcacagacaggt 50 32 337888 Coding 4 474 tccactgagatcttggtgaa 41 33 337889 Coding 4 501 tggatgaatacagctccgga 49 34 337890 Coding 4 529 ggcatagatgttccagccca 36 35 337891 Coding 4 560 tcatggtgatgcccagaagc 23 36 337892 Coding 4 577 tcctgtcaccgtgtaaatca 39 37 337893 Coding 4 600 gtgtacatcagcgcggccag 33 38 337894 Coding 4 624 atgacgaaggtctgtaccgt 41 39 337895 Coding 4 651 cccatgaggatgcaggcgcc 55 40 337896 Coding 4 694 gtcgaagagacccgaatacc 30 41 337897 Coding 4 716 aagtcgctgctcccaggtat 0 42 337898 Coding 4 772 tcgatagcagaagctggaga 47 43 337899 Coding 4 849 agtccgaggagcagcgcggg 5 44 337900 Coding 4 884 ggtcgctgcaccagtaccag 29 45 337901 Coding 4 909 gccaggcagcgctgcacgat 22 46 337902 Coding 4 944 tgcagcccgccttgatgtgg 67 47 337903 Coding 4 954 ccacacaggatgcagcccgc 37 48 337904 Coding 4 991 catgaccatgagaaacatgg 43 49 337905 Coding 4 1006 gctgatcatgcctggcatga 54 50 337906 Coding 4 1033 cgccacctcgtctgggtaca 45 51 337907 Coding 4 1051 cacctcaggcaccacgcacg 54 52 337908 Coding 4 1073 ccgtgccgcacacgcgcctg 34 53 337909 Coding 4 1100 ggtaggcgatgttggagcag 30 54 337910 Coding 4 1122 atgagcttcacgacgagccg 48 55 337911 Coding 4 1151 ccagcatgagtccgcgcaga 50 56 337912 Coding 4 1180 cgaggacatgagcgcggcca 71 57 337913 Coding 4 1211 gcgtgctgctgctgttgaag 37 58 337914 Coding 4 1232 tgtagatgtccatggtgaag 39 59 337915 Coding 4 1272 agcagcagctcgcggtcgcc 21 60 337916 Coding 4 1292 ccacccagagccgtcccacc 47 61 337917 Coding 4 1319 aggccaccgacactaccacg 38 62 337918 Coding 4 1360 gaagagctgcccgccctgtg 38 63 337919 Coding 4 1372 ctggatgtaatcgaagagct 45 64 337920 Coding 4 1415 cgaagacggcggacacgggc 3 65 337921 Coding 4 1433 gcacgaagagcgccagcacg 32 66 337922 Coding 4 1453 gccctgctcattaacgcgcg 34 67 337923 Coding 4 1479 aggcccccgatgagtcccca 48 68 337924 Coding 4 1497 cgtgccaggcccatcagcag 37 69 337925 Coding 4 1526 ccgagccgaaggagaactcg 47 70 337926 Coding 4 1544 agggctgcacacagctgccc 0 71 337927 Coding 4 1570 gccgcagaggaaagctgggc 15 72 337928 Coding 4 1595 caatggcgaagtagaggtag 37 73 337929 Coding 4 1615 gccagagcagaagaacagca 41 74 337930 Coding 4 1641 cacagggagaccgtgagggt 11 75 337931 Coding 4 1677 aggcggtggaggtgctttct 29 76 337932 Coding 4 1706 cctccttgctatgccggaga 47 77 337933 Coding 4 1729 atcagcatccaggtcctccc 0 78 337934 Coding 4 1763 cattctgtacagggagtgag 50 79 337935 Coding 4 1788 atctccatggCactetctgg 58 80 337936 Coding 4 1835 gcaggcactggcggaagagg 29 81 337937 Coding 4 1861 acctctgctcattccacaaa 56 82 337938 Coding 4 1881 ggcggaggactgcccacccc 22 83 337939 Coding 4 1917 cgcctggctgctgccgctgc 11 84 337940 Coding 4 1939 gtcctcgctgatgtcctcca 40 85 337941 Coding 4 1972 ggcattga gttgaccacac 2 86 337942 Coding 4 2003 agaggaacacggccactgcc 8 87 337943 Coding 4 2014 atagaagccccagaggaaca 39 88 337944 Stop Codon 4 2025 tggtcttaggcatagaagcc 28 89 337945 3′UTR 4 2048 tggcttatggtgtccaacgc 35 90 337946 3′UTR 4 2072 tcacccccacttcctgtgag 42 91 337947 3′UTR 4 2120 tctcaccccactgccccttc 38 92 337948 3′UTR 4 2158 caggcagaggaaggccggga 38 93 337949 3′UTR 4 2197 cctcatgggaagtgactgcc 37 94 337950 3′UTR 4 2230 ttccttagggcaactgcagc 34 95

As shown in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95 demonstrated at least 30% inhibition of human SGLT2 expression in this assay. The target regions to which these sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “suitable target segments” and are therefore suitable for targeting by compounds of the present invention. These target segments are shown in Table 3. These sequences are shown to contain thymine (T) but one of skill in the art will appreciate that thymine (T) is generally replaced by uracil (U) in RNA sequences. The sequences represent the reverse complement of the suitable antisense compounds shown in Table 1. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target nucleic acid to which the oligonucleotide binds. Also shown in Table 3 is the species in which each of the suitable target segments was found.

Example 16 Antisense Inhibition of Mouse SGLT2 Expression by Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE Wings and a Deoxy Gap

In accordance with the present invention, a second series of antisense compounds was designed to target different regions of the mouse SGLT2 RNA, using published sequences (the concatenation of the sequences with the GenBank accession numbers: AJ292928, AW106808, AI789450, AW046901, the complement of AI647605, the complement of AW107250, and the complement of AI788744, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 11; GenBank accession number AJ292928.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 96; and GenBank accession number AW045170.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 97). The compounds are shown in Table 2. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target nucleic acid to which the compound binds. All compounds in Table 2 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from three experiments in which b.END cells were treated with 100 nM of the antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention. The positive control for, each datapoint is identified in the table by sequence ID number. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”.

TABLE 2 Inhibition of mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET TARGET % SEQ CONTROL ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE INHIB ID NO SEQ ID NO 145725 Coding 11 27 tgctccccaagttcagagcc 16 98 1 145726 Coding 11 39 atcaggaccttctgctcccc 30 99 1 145727 Coding 11 50 caggattatcaatcaggacc 15 100 1 145728 Coding 11 62 ccagaatgtcagcaggatta 9 101 1 145729 Coding 11 93 ccaatgaccagcaggaaata 15 102 1 145730 Coding 11 117 ctgaacatagaccacaagcc 0 103 1 145731 Coding 11 127 tctattggttctgaacatag 9 104 1 145732 Coding 11 138 ccaactgtgcctctattggt 43 105 1 145733 Coding 11 148 gaagtagccaccaactgtgc 16 106 1 145734 Coding 11 189 gaggctccaaccggccacca 43 107 1 145735 Coding 11 213 ctgccgatgttgctggcgaa 2 108 1 145736 Coding 11 230 ggcccacaaaatgaccgctg 44 109 1 145737 Coding 11 261 gccaagccacttgctgcacc 29 110 1 145738 Coding 11 294 acgaagagcgcattccactc 7 111 1 145739 Coding 11 299 gcaccacgaagagcgcattc 0 112 1 145740 Coding 11 375 cgcttgcggaggtactgagg 0 113 1 145741 Coding 11 420 agcgagagcacggacaggta 0 114 1 145742 Coding 11 462 gagaacatatccaccgagat 5 115 1 145743 Coding 11 490 cagggcctgttgaatgaata 0 116 1 145744 Coding 11 550 cacagtataaatcatggtga 35 117 1 145745 Coding 11 581 ctgtgtacatcagtgccgcc 18 118 1 145746 Coding 11 592 ctgcacagtgtctgtgtaca 7 119 1 145747 Coding 11 605 gaatgacgaaggtctgcaca 14 120 1 145748 Coding 11 616 ggccccggcaagaatgacga 25 121 1 145749 Coding 11 659 agtacccgcccacttcatgg 0 122 1 145750 Coding 11 706 acccgtcagtgaagtcattg 18 123 1 145751 Coding 11 784 gtcacgcagcaggtgatagg 24 124 1 145752 Coding 11 795 cctgtcacagggtcacgcag 40 125 1 145753 Coding 11 840 gagacaatggtaagccccag 20 126 1 145754 Coding 11 902 tcagattctttccagccagg 12 127 1 145755 Coding 11 912 ttgatgtgagtcagattctt 13 128 1 145756 Coding 11 998 ggtagagaatgcggctgatc 8 129 1 145757 Coding 11 1039 ccgcttacacacctcaggta 32 130 1 145758 Coding 11 1050 gtgccacacacccgcttaca 39 131 1 145759 Coding 11 1068 ttagagcagcccacctcagt 28 132 1 145760 Coding 11 1081 tgggtaggcgatgttagagc 15 133 1 145761 Coding 11 1113 agaccattgggcatgagctt 2 134 1 145762 Coding 11 1128 agcatgagtccgcgcagacc 0 135 1 145763 Coding 11 1142 ccagcatgactgccagcatg 22 136 1 145764 Coding 11 1177 gttaaagatggatgccagag 0 137 1 145765 Coding 11 1246 cagctccttatcacctgcac 55 138 1 145766 Coding 11 1320 gctgcctgcaccactggcag 44 139 1 145767 Coding 11 1393 aaagaccgcagacacttgag 0 140 1 145768 Coding 11 1403 gtgcaagcacaaagaccgca 6 141 1 145769 Coding 11 1475 gagctaggcccatcagcagg 55 142 1 145770 Coding 11 1485 ggtatgagacgagctaggcc 0 143 1 145771 Coding 11 1496 agaagaactcgggtatgaga 0 144 1 145772 Coding 11 1524 gagggtcgcacacagctgcc 8 145 1 145773 Coding 11 1563 tagaggtagtgtacccgaca 0 146 1 145774 Coding 11 1682 ccttgctgtgccggagactg 40 147 1 145775 Coding 11 1707 tcagcatccaggtcctcccg 46 148 1 145776 Coding 11 1722 ggaccttctaactcatcagc 2 149 1 145777 Coding 11 1765 cattgcacattcctggcccc 23 150 1 145778 Coding 11 1839 ttgctcatcccacagaacca 15 151 1 145779 Coding 11 1851 cctgacccactcttgctcat 1 152 1 145780 Coding 11 1881 gccacctcctcggtagtggg 21 153 1 145781 Coding 11 1909 gatgtcctccagccgcctgg 0 154 1 145782 Coding 11 1921 gggatcctcactgatgtcct 25 155 1 145783 Coding 11 1953 agggcattgaggttgactac 11 156 1 145784 Coding 11 1992 tagaagccccagaggaacac 0 157 1 145785 3′UTR 11 2164 aatcaaatggactggacccc 0 158 1 145786 3′UTR 11 2174 agtgacaaccaatcaaatgg 10 159 1 145787 3′UTR 11 2186 catcttgtgggaagtgacaa 14 160 1 145788 3′UTR 11 2199 accaattggccatcatcttg 0 161 1 145789 3′UTR 11 2237 ggagggcagttttatttttg 20 162 1 145790 exon:intron 96 2123 caatgtctcacccacaagcc 4 163 1 145791 intron 96 2239 ctaaatctaggtttctccct 11 164 1 145792 intron 96 2291 ttttgcacaatccagaaggt 9 165 1 145793 intron 96 2407 gaccttaaatataggctgct 0 166 1 145794 intron 96 2477 aacccaggccctaatcctag 4 167 1 145795 intron 96 2551 aggctgaagattaaccagcc 8 168 1 145796 intron 96 2595 ttggacttccttagcttcct 9 169 1 145797 exon:intron 96 2647 gaacatagactgggaaacag 0 170 1 145798 intron 96 2797 gaggctccaacctgggtggc 12 171 1 145799 intron 97 133 tccagcaaatgaacctgtgt 0 172 1 145800 intron 97 284 cacagcggaagtgcctgggc 21 173 1 145801 intron 97 316 tgtcctagtcctcacaccca 12 174 1 145802 intron 97 338 gggacagcatcctgagcagg 25 175 1

As shown in Table 2, SEQ ID NOs 99, 105, 107, 109, 110, 117, 121, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 136, 138, 139, 142, 147, 148, 150, 153, 155, 162, 173 and 175 demonstrated at least 20% inhibition of mouse SGLT2 expression in this experiment. Also suitable are SEQ ID NOs 105, 119 and 135. The target regions to which these sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “suitable target segments” and are therefore suitable for targeting by compounds of the present invention. These target segments are shown in Table 3. These sequences are shown to contain thymine (T) but one of skill in the art will appreciate that thymine (T) is generally replaced by uracil (U) in RNA sequences. The sequences represent the reverse complement of the preferred antisense compounds shown in Tables 1 and 2. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target nucleic acid to which the oligonucleotide binds. Also shown in Table 3 is the species in which each of the suitable target segments was found.

TABLE 3 Sequence and position of preferred target segments identified in human and mouse SGLT2. TARGET TARGET REV COMP SEQ SITE ID SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE OF SEQ ID ACTIVE IN ID NO 253571 4 15 gggagaatggaggagcacac 19 H. sapiens 176 253572 4 42 ggctcggcaccagagatggg 20 H. sapiens 177 253573 4 70 aggccctgattgacaatcct 21 H. sapiens 178 253574 4 95 catcctagtcattgctgcat 22 H. sapiens 179 253575 4 124 tggtcattggcgttggcttg 23 H. sapiens 180 253578 4 204 atggtgtggtggccggttgg 26 H. sapiens 181 253579 4 262 ttgtgggcctggcagggact 27 H. sapiens 182 253580 4 291 agtggcttggctgttgctgg 28 H. sapiens 183 253581 4 354 ctgtttgcacccgtgtacct 29 H. sapiens 184 253584 4 442 acctgtctgtgctctccctt 32 H. sapiens 185 253585 4 474 ttcaccaagatctcagtgga 33 H. sapiens 186 253586 4 501 tccggagctgtattcatcca 34 H. sapiens 187 253587 4 529 tgggctggaacatctatgcc 35 H. sapiens 188 253589 4 577 tgatttacacggtgacagga 37 H. sapiens 189 253590 4 600 ctggccgcgctgatgtacac 38 H. sapiens 190 253591 4 624 acggtacagaccttcgtcat 39 H. sapiens 191 253592 4 651 ggcgcctgcatcctcatggg 40 H. sapiens 192 253593 4 694 ggtattcgggtctcttcgac 41 H. sapiens 193 253595 4 772 tctccagcttctgctatcga 43 H. sapiens 194 253599 4 944 ccacatcaaggcgggctgca 47 H. sapiens 195 253600 4 954 gcgggctgcatcctgtgtgg 48 H. sapiens 196 253601 4 991 ccatgtttctcatggtcatg 49 H. sapiens 197 253602 4 1006 tcatgccaggcatgatcagc 50 H. sapiens 198 253603 4 1033 tgtacccagacgaggtggcg 51 H. sapiens 199 253604 4 1051 cgtgcgtggtgcctgaggtg 52 H. sapiens 200 253605 4 1073 caggcgcgtgtgcggcacgg 53 H. sapiens 201 253606 4 1100 ctgctccaacatcgcctacc 54 H. sapiens 202 253607 4 1122 cggetcgtcgtgaagctcat 55 H. sapiens 203 253608 4 1151 tctgcgcggactcatgctgg 56 H. sapiens 204 253609 4 1180 tggccgcgctcatgtcctcg 57 H. sapiens 205 253610 4 1211 cttcaacagcagcagcacgc 58 H. sapiens 206 253611 4 1232 cttcaccatggacatctaca 59 H. sapiens 207 253613 4 1292 ggtgggacggctctgggtgg 61 H. sapiens 208 253614 4 1319 cgtggtagtgtcggtggcct 62 H. sapiens 209 253615 4 1360 cacagggegggcagctcttc 63 H. sapiens 210 253616 4 1372 agctcttcgattacatccag 64 H. sapiens 211 253618 4 1433 cgtgctggcgctcttcgtgc 66 H. sapiens 212 253619 4 1453 cgcgcgttaatgagcagggc 67 H. sapiens 213 253620 4 1479 tggggactcatcgggggcct 68 H. sapiens 214 253621 4 1497 ctgctgatgggcctggcacg 69 H. sapiens 215 253622 4 1526 cgagttctccttcggctcgg 70 H. sapiens 216 253625 4 1595 ctacctctacttcgccattg 73 H. sapiens 217 253626 4 1615 tgctgttcttctgctctggc 74 H. sapiens 218 253629 4 1706 tctccggcatagcaaggagg 77 H. sapiens 219 253631 4 1763 ctcactccctgtacagaatg 79 H. sapiens 220 253632 4 1788 ccagagagtgccatggagat 80 H. sapiens 221 253634 4 1861 tttgtggaatgagcagaggt 82 H. sapiens 222 253637 4 1939 tggaggacatcagcgaggac 85 H. sapiens 223 253640 4 2014 tgttcctctggggcttctat 88 H. sapiens 224 253642 4 2048 gcgttggacaccataagcca 90 H. sapiens 225 253643 4 2072 ctcacaggaagtgggggtga 91 H. sapiens 226 253644 4 2120 gaaggggcagtggggtgaga 92 H. sapiens 227 253645 4 2158 tcccggccttcctctgcctg 93 H. sapiens 228 253646 4 2197 ggcagtcacttcccatgagg 94 H. sapiens 229 253647 4 2230 gctgcagttgccctaaggaa 95 H. sapiens 230 58683 11 39 ggggagcagaaggtcctgat 99 M. musculus 231 58689 11 138 accaatagaggcacagttgg 105 M. musculus 232 58691 11 189 tggtggccggttggagcctc 107 M. musculus 233 58693 11 230 cagcggtcattttgtgggcc 109 M. musculus 234 58694 11 261 ggtgcagcaagtggcttggc 110 M. musculus 235 58701 11 550 tcaccatgatttatactgtg 117 M. musculus 236 58705 11 616 tcgtcattcttgccggggcc 121 M. musculus 237 58708 11 784 cctatcacctgctgcgtgac 124 M. musculus 238 58709 11 795 ctgcgtgaccctgtgacagg 125 M. musculus 239 58710 11 840 ctggggcttaccattgtctc 126 M. musculus 240 58714 11 1039 tacctgaggtgtgtaagcgg 130 M. musculus 241 58715 11 1050 tgtaagcgggtgtgtggcac 131 M. musculus 242 58716 11 1068 actgaggtgggctgctctaa 132 M. musculus 243 58720 11 1142 catgctggcagtcatgctgg 136 M. musculus 244 58722 11 1246 gtgcaggtgataaggagctg 138 M. musculus 245 58723 11 1320 ctgccagtggtgcaggcagc 139 M. musculus 246 58726 11 1475 cctgctgatgggcctagctc 142 M. musculus 247 58731 11 1682 cagtctccggcacagcaagg 147 M. musculus 248 58732 11 1707 cgggaggacctggatgctga 148 M. musculus 249 58734 11 1765 ggggccaggaatgtgcaatg 150 M. musculus 250 58737 11 1881 cccactaccgaggaggtggc 153 M. musculus 251 58739 11 1921 aggacatcagtgaggatccc 155 M. musculus 252 58746 11 2237 caaaaataaaactgccctcc 162 M. musculus 253 58757 97 284 gcccaggcacttccgctgtg 173 M. musculus 254 58759 97 338 cctgctcaggatgctgtccc 175 M. musculus 255

As these “suitable target segments” have been found by experimentation to be open to, and accessible for, hybridization with the antisense compounds of the present invention, one of skill in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, further embodiments of the invention that encompass other compounds that specifically hybridize to these suitable target segments and consequently inhibit the expression of SGLT2.

According to the present invention, antisense compounds include antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, and other short oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid.

Example 17 Western Blot Analysis of SGLT2 Protein Levels

Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out using standard methods. Cells are harvested 16-20 h after oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in Laemmli buffer (100 μl/well), boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a 16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary antibody directed to SGLT2 is used, with a radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).

Example 18 Design of Chemically Modified Antisense Compounds Targeting SGLT2

A series of chemically modified antisense compounds were designed using the sequence of ISIS 145733 (SEQ ID NO: 106), ISIS 145742 (SEQ ID NO: 265) or ISIS 145746 (SEQ ID NO: 266). Modifications were made to the internucleoside linkages such that the oligonucleotides consisted of either full phosphorothioate backbones or mixed phosphorothioate and phosphodiester backbones (mixed backbone compounds). Modified antisense compounds also contained sugar moiety substitutions at the 2′ position, comprising a 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) or a 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl (2′-DMAEOE). Further modifications included nucleobase substitutions, wherein the unmodified cytosine nucleobase was used in place of the modified 5-methylcytosine at one position in the antisense compound. The compounds are shown in Table 4.

ISIS 145733 (SEQ ID NO: 106), ISIS 145742 (SEQ ID NO: 265) and ISIS 145746 (SEQ ID NO: 266) are chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap with phosphorothioate linkages throughout the oligonucleotide. ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO: 106), ISIS 341699 (SEQ ID NO: 265) and ISIS 351642 (SEQ ID NO: 266) are chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap, with phosphodiester linkages in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap. ISIS 351641 (SEQ ID NO: 106), ISIS 360886 (SEQ ID NO: 106) and ISIS 360887 (SEQ ID NO: 106) are chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap, with phosphorothioate linkages in the gap and phosphodiester linkages in the wings, except for one phosphorothioate linkage in the wing(s) at either the extreme 5′ end (ISIS 360886), the extreme 3′ end (ISIS 360887) or both of the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends (ISIS 351641).

ISIS 323294 (SEQ ID NO: 106) consists of 2′-MOE nucleotides at positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 17 and 19, 2′-DMAEOE nucleotides at positions 5, 16, 18 and 20 and 2′-deoxynucleotides at positions 6 through 15, with phosphorothioate linkages throughout the oligonucleotide. ISIS 323295 (SEQ ID NO: 106) consists of 2′-MOE nucleotides at positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 17 and 19, 2′-DMAEOE nucleotides at positions 5, 16, 18 and 20 and 2′-deoxynucleotides at positions 6 through 15, wherein the first and last 4 internucleoside linkages are phosphodiester and the central internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.

The nucleotides in the 3′ most positions in ISIS 251017 and 257018 are cytosine residues (indicated by an asterisk in Table 4). All other cytosine residues of the oligonucleotides listed above are 5-methylcytosines. The compounds are shown in Table 4. Phosphodiester (P═O) internucleoside linkages are indicated by an “∘” between nucleotide positions. Phosphorothioate (P═S) internucleoside linkages are indicated by an “s” between nucleotide positions. 2′-MOE nucleotides are underscored and 2′-DMAEOE nucleotides are emboldened. All compounds in Table 4 target the coding region of murine SGLT2 (provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 11).

TABLE 4 Chemical modifications of antisense compounds targeting SGLT2 SEQ ISIS # Sequence ID NO 145733 GsAsAsGsTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsTsGsTsGsC 106 257016 GoAoAoGoTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsToGoToGoC 106 257017 GsAsAsGsTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsTsGsTsGsC* 106 257018 GoAoAoGoTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsToGoToGoC* 106 145742 GsAsGsAsAsCsAsTsAsTsCsCsAsCsCsGsAsGsAsT 265 341699 GoAoGoAoAsCsAsTsAsTsCsCsAsCsCsGoAoGoAoT 265 145746 CsTsGsCsAsCsAsGsTsGsTsCsTsGsTsGsTsAsCsA 266 351642 CoToGoCoAsCsAsGsTsGsTsCsTsGsTsGoToAoCoA 266 351641 GsAoAoGoTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsToGoToGsC 106 360886 GsAoAoGoTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsToGoToGoC 106 360887 GoAoAoGoTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsToGoToGsC 106 323294 GsAsAsGsTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsTsGsTsGsC 106 323295 GoAoAoGoTsAsGsCsCsAsCsCsAsAsCsToGoToGoC 106

Example 19 Effects of Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 in Mice: Comparison of Various Chemistries

In accordance with the present invention, SGLT2 antisense compounds described in Example 18 were investigated for their activity in vivo. ISIS 29837 (TCGATCTCCTTTTATGCCCG, SEQ ID NO: 256) served as a control compound and is a chimeric oligonucleotide (“gapmer”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines.

Male 6-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 145733, ISIS 257016, ISIS 323294, ISIS 323295 or ISIS 29837 at a dose of 25 mg/kg twice per week for two weeks. Saline-injected animals also served as a control. Each treatment group contained four animals. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the fourth and final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to the ubiquitously expressed mouse cyclophilin A gene.

Probes and primers to mouse SGLT2 were designed to hybridize to a mouse SGLT2 sequence, using published sequence information (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 11). For mouse SGLT2 the PCR primers were:

(SEQ ID NO: 257) forward primer: CTCGTCTCATACCCGAGTTCTTCT (SEQ ID NO: 258) reverse primer: AATGATGGCGAAATAGAGGTAGTGTAC and the PCR probe was:

FAM-TGCGACCCTCAGCGTGCCC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 259) where FAM is the fluorescent dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye. For mouse cyclophilin A the PCR primers were:

forward primer: TCGCCGCTTGCTGCA (SEQ ID NO: 260) reverse primer: ATCGGCCGTGATGTCGA (SEQ ID NO: 261) and the PCR probe was:

5′ JOE-CCATGGTCAACCCCACCGTGTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 262) where JOE is the fluorescent reporter dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye.

The data are expressed as percent change (“−” indicates a decrease) relative to saline treated animals and are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by 25 mg/kg doses of antisense compounds % change in SGLT2 expression relative to saline ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS 145733 257016 323294 323295 29837 −44 −82 −40 −31 −23

These data illustrate that antisense compounds of different chemistries inhibit the expression of SGLT2 mRNA in mouse kidney.

Mice were further evaluated for total body weight, liver weight and spleen weight. Significant changes in spleen, liver or body weight can indicate that a particular compound causes toxic effects. The data are expressed as percent change (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) relative to saline control. The results are presented in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, liver weight and spleen weight in mice Weight as % change relative to saline control 145733 257016 323294 323295 29837 Total Body 0 0 −1 −3 0 Liver +1 +1 +9 +4 +12 Spleen +4 +1 +19 +8 +1

All changes were within the margin of error of the experiment. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed.

Toxic effects of compounds administered in vivo can also be assessed by measuring the levels of enzymes and proteins associated with disease or injury of the liver or kidney. Elevations in the levels of the serum transaminases aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are often indicators of liver disease or injury. Serum total bilirubin is an indicator of liver and biliary function, and albumin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are indicators of renal function. Glucose and triglyceride levels are sometimes altered due to toxicity of a treatment. Serum glucose also depends in part upon the activity of SGLT2.

In accordance with the present invention, the levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, albumin, BUN, glucose and triglyceride were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Serum was analyzed by LabCorp Testing Facility (San Diego, Calif.). The results are expressed as units measured and are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Effects of antisense compounds targeting SGLT2 on liver and kidney function in mice Normal Treatment and units measured Serum indicator Range Saline 145733 257016 323294 323295 29837 BUN mg/dL 15-40 27 29 33 29 30 30 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0 3 3 3 3 3 3 Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 AST IU/L  30-300 124 83 129 174 89 114 ALT IU/L  30-200 33 26 47 61 32 31 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 179 154 157 160 209 198 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 242 270 222 284 271 235 *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range for most mice as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

Mice injected with ISIS 145733, 257016, 323294 and 323295 were also evaluated histologically following routine procedures. Liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, pancreas, lung, skin, heart and muscle samples were procured, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed for staining with hematoxylin and eosin, to visualize nuclei and cytoplasm, or with the anti-oligonucleotide IgG1 antibody 2E1-B5 (Berkeley Antibody Company, Berkeley, Calif.) to assess oligonucleotide staining patterns. Hematoxylin and eosin staining in most tissues exhibited no significant difference between saline- and oligonucleotide-treated animals. Heart sections from animals treated with 323294 and 323295 showed a high amount of inflammation relative to hearts from saline-treated mice. 2E1-B5 antibody was recognized using an isospecific anti-IgG2 horse-radish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, Calif.) and immunostaining was developed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidene (DAKO, Carpenteria, Calif.). 2E1-B5 staining was performed in duplicate and showed that none of the chemistries significantly stained the liver, while staining was observed in the kidney proximal tubules.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that antisense compounds of different chemistries are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity.

Example 20 Effects of Antisense Compounds on SGLT2 mRNA Expression In Vivo: Dose Response Study Comparing Mixed Backbone and Full Phosphorothioate Backbones

ISIS 145733 and ISIS 257016 were selected for a dose response study in mice. Male 8-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of either ISIS 145733 or ISIS 257016 at doses of 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg twice per week for two weeks. Saline-injected animals served as controls. A total of 4 animals were injected per group. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the fourth and final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin as described in Example 19. The data are expressed as percent change (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) relative to saline treated animals and are illustrated in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by antisense compounds with varying chemistries % change in SGLT2 expression Dose of relative to saline oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145733 257016 6.25 −3 −58 12.5 −7 −68 25 −37 −68 50 −34 −77

These results illustrate that the compounds of the invention, both full phosphorothioate and mixed backbone oligonucleotides, inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.

The levels of SGLT2 expression were also evaluated by Northern blot analysis of both pooled and individual RNA samples, to validate the target reduction observed by real-time PCR. Total RNA was prepared from procured tissues of sacrificed mice by homogenization in GITC buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) containing 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) following manufacturer's recommended protocols followed by ultracentrifugation through a CsCl cushion. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer. RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then probed using RapidHYB™ hybridization solution (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.

To detect mouse SGLT2, a mouse SGLT2 specific template was prepared by PCR using the forward primer 5′-ATGGAGCAACACGTAGAGGCAGGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 263) and the reverse primer 5′-GAGTGCCGCCAGCCCTCCTGTCACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 264) and gel purified. The probe was prepared by asymmetric PCR with the purified template and the reverse primer incorporating ³²P CTP to label the probe. Following hybridization blots were exposed overnight to phosphorimager screens (Molecular Dynamics, Amersham) and quantitated. To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for mouse glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

For pooled sample analysis, equal amounts of RNA isolated from the kidneys of mice in the same treatment was combined for a total of 20 μg, and the pooled sample was subjected to Northern blot analysis. The results of the pooled sample analysis are shown in Table 9 and are normalized to saline controls (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease).

TABLE 9 Northern Analysis of SGLT2 message in pooled kidney RNA samples % change in SGLT2 expression Dose of relative to saline oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145733 257016 6.25 +21 −57 12.5 +7 −50 25 −35 −75 50 −35 −82

These results demonstrate that, as determined by Northern blot analysis of pooled samples, ISIS 257016 inhibits SGLT2 expression inhibits SGLT2 expression at all doses of antisense compound in a dose-dependent manner, where as ISIS 145733 inhibits SLGT2 expression at the two highest doses of antisense compound.

Target levels in kidney RNA samples from individual mice were also measured by Northern blot analysis. Equal amounts of RNA were individually subjected to Northern blot analysis to determine the level of SGLT2. Target level measurements for each treatment group were then averaged. The results are shown in Table 10 and are normalized to saline controls (“−” indicates a decrease).

TABLE 10 Northern analysis of SGLT2 message in individually measured RNA samples % change in SGLT2 expression Dose of relative to saline oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145733 257016 6.25 −34 −66 12.5 −38 −68 25 −39 −74 50 −59 −82

Treated mice were further evaluated at the end of the treatment period for total body, liver and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) relative to saline control. The results are presented in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, liver weight and spleen weight in mice % Change relative to saline-treated Dose of ISIS 145733 ISIS 257016 oligonucleotide Total Total mg/kg Body Liver Spleen Body Liver Spleen 6.25 −4 −10 −12 −1 −3 +1 12.5 −6 −2 −7 −3 −13 −9 25 1 −1 +10 1 −8 +8 50 −1 +6 +10 −3 −9 +12

These data demonstrate that no significant changes in total body, liver or spleen weights are observed following treatment with ISIS 145733 or ISIS 257016 at 4 different doses. No changes in total body weight were observed during the treatment period, or at study termination.

In addition to the indicators of toxicity listed in Example 19, creatinine levels are also used to evaluate renal function. In accordance with the present invention, the levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, creatinine, BUN, glucose and triglyceride were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Serum was analyzed by LabCorp Testing Facility (San Diego, Calif.). The results are expressed as units measured and are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Effects of antisense compounds targeting SGLT2 on liver and kidney function in mice Units measured per treatment and dose Normal 145733 145733 257016 257016 Serum indicator Range Saline 25 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 50 mg/kg BUN mg/dL 15-40 24 24 25 26 26 Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.125 0.1 Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.125 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 AST IU/L  30-300 77 65 96 133 141 ALT IU/L  30-200 24 18 22 34 35 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 165 169 230 130 111 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 236 280 256 244 248 *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The AST levels in animals treated with 25 mg/kg of ISIS 145733 are slightly below the normal range, as is the ALT level for saline treated mice. Otherwise, the levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

Mice injected with ISIS 145733 and 257016 at doses from 6.25 to 50 mg/kg were also evaluated histologically following routine procedures. Liver and kidney samples were procured, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed for staining with hematoxylin and eosin, to visualize nuclei and cytoplasm, or with the anti-oligonucleotide IgG1 antibody 2E1-B5 (Berkeley Antibody Company, Berkeley, Calif.) to assess oligonucleotide staining patterns. Hematoxylin and eosin staining exhibited no significant difference between saline- and oligonucleotide-treated animals. 2E1-B5 antibody was recognized using an isospecific anti-IgG2 horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, Calif.) and immunostaining was developed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidene (DAKO, Carpenteria, Calif.). 2E1 staining showed no detectable oligonucleotide in the liver, while staining was observed in the kidney proximal tubules. Staining intensity lessened concomitantly with a decrease in oligonucleotide dose.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that antisense compounds of different chemistries are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity.

Example 21 Effects of Antisense Compounds on SGLT2 mRNA Expression In Vivo: an Additional Dose Response Study Comparing Mixed Backbone and Full Phosphorothioate Backbones

ISIS 145733 and ISIS 257016 were selected for a dose response study in mice using two identical and two lower doses with respect to the doses used in Example 20.

Male 8-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 145733 or ISIS 257016 at doses of 1, 5, 25 or 50 mg/kg twice per week for two weeks. Saline-injected animals served as a control. In addition, as a specificity control, the same doses of SGLT2 antisense oligomeric compounds do not significantly inhibit expression of SGLT1 mRNA in kidney cells. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the fourth and final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney and liver. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by antisense compounds with varying chemistries % change in SGLT2 expression relative to saline Dose of Kidney Liver oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145733 257016 145733 257016 1 +2 −46 −19 +13 5 −15 −64 −39 +1 25 −34 −74 −21 −5 50 −40 −76 −59 −12

These results illustrate that the compounds of the invention, both full phosphorothioate and mixed backbone oligonucleotides, can inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2 in a dose-dependent manner. Greater inhibition is observed in kidneys from mice treated with ISIS 257016, a mixed backbone antisense compound. SGLT2 is not highly expressed in liver, therefore target levels are low before treatment and therefore more difficult to accurately measure. While ISIS 145733 and ISIS 257016 also lowered liver SGLT2 expression, with 145733 having a greater effect in liver than the mixed backbone ISIS 257016.

Treated mice were further evaluated for liver and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) relative to saline control. The results are presented in Table 14.

TABLE 14 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, liver weight and spleen weight in mice % change in body, liver and spleen weight Dose of ISIS 145733 ISIS 257016 oligonucleotide Total Total mg/kg Body Liver Spleen Body Liver Spleen 1 0 −6 +10 −2 −8 +13 5 +3 +1 +10 −3 −9 +5 25 −1 +2 −4 +2 +2 +12 50 −1 +13 +35 −2 −6 +15

No significant change was observed in total body weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study. Treatments of 25 mg/kg ISIS 145733 and 50 mg/kg 257016 resulted in a decrease and increase in liver weight, respectively, however, these changes are within the margin of error for the data and are therefore not significant.

In addition to the other serum markers described herein, cholesterol levels can be used as a measure of toxicity. In accordance with the present invention, the levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, BUN, triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results are expressed as units measured are shown for ISIS 145733 in Table 15 and for ISIS 257016 in Table 16.

TABLE 15 Effects of the full phosphorothioate antisense compound ISIS 145733 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 145733 Normal 1 5 25 50 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN mg/dL 15-40 27 31 31 30 25 Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 AST IU/L  30-300 92 91 45 133 56 ALT IU/L  30-200 35 27 26 37 31 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0 3 3 3 3 3 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 136 188 183 153 224 Cholesterol mg/dL  70-125 122 116 117 120 132 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 208 202 173 170 161

TABLE 16 Effects of the mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 1 5 25 50 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN mg/dL 15-40 27 23 29 25 28 Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 AST IU/L  30-300 92 74 73 99 138 ALT IU/L  30-200 35 34 34 46 48 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0 3 3 3 3 3 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 136 271 233 225 136 Cholesterol mg/dL  70-125 122 116 124 144 137 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 208 180 178 154 182 *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

Mice injected ISIS 145733 and 257016 at 1-50 mg/kg were also evaluated histologically following routine procedures. Liver and kidney samples were procured, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed for staining with hematoxylin and eosin, to visualize nuclei and cytoplasm, or with the anti-oligonucleotide IgG1 antibody 2E1-B5 (Berkeley Antibody Company, Berkeley, Calif.) to assess oligonucleotide staining patterns. Hematoxylin and eosin staining in most tissues exhibited no significant difference between saline- and 145733-treated animals, with the exception of slight inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver tissue. Livers from mice treated with ISIS 257016 showed evidence of nuclear degradation and mitosis at 50 mg/kg and slight mitosis at 25 mg/kg. Kidneys from ISIS 257016 exhibited no significant differences compared to saline-treated kidneys. 2E1-B5 antibody was recognized using an isospecific anti-IgG2 horse-radish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, Calif.) and immunostaining was developed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidene (DAKO, Carpenteria, Calif.). Staining with the 2E1 antibody showed weak staining in liver and kidneys from animals treated with ISIS 145733, whereas staining was strong in liver and kidney from animals treated with ISIS 257016. Kidney 2E1 staining appears in a punctate pattern.

Example 22 Dose Response Study Comparing Mixed Backbone and Full Phosphorothioate Backbones: a Second SGLT2 Antisense Sequence

A second mixed backbone SGLT2 oligonucleotide, ISIS 341699 (SEQ ID NO: 265), and control phosphorothioate SGLT2 oligonucleotide, ISIS 145742 (SEQ ID NO: 265), were selected for a dose response study in mice. For comparison, ISIS 257016 (mixed backbone; SEQ ID NO: 106) also was included in this study.

Male 8-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 341699, ISIS 145742 or ISIS 257016 twice per week for two weeks with the doses shown in Table 17. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the fourth and final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 17.

TABLE 17 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by mixed backbone and full phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145742 341699 257016 0.2 — — −18.9 1 — −1.8 −50.5 5 −0.6 −10.9 −56.7 25 −24.9 −23.9 — 50 −32.6 — —

These results illustrate that the compounds of the invention, both full phosphorothioate and mixed backbone oligonucleotides, can inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2 in a dose-dependent manner. However, lower doses of the mixed backbone compound are required to inhibit SGLT2 expression in kidneys from treated mice.

Treated mice were further evaluated for liver and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change in body or organ weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). The results are presented in Table 18 and Table 19.

TABLE 18 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight of mice (expressed as percent change in body weight) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145742 341699 257016 0.2 — — +7.9 1 — +5.7 +5.8 5 +5.0 +5.8 +3.2 25 +2.0 +2.5 — 50 +7.2 — —

TABLE 19 Effects of antisense compounds on liver weight and spleen weight of mice (expressed as percent change in organ weight) Dose of Liver Spleen oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145742 341699 257016 145742 341699 257016 0.2 — — −6.0 — — −4.7 1 — +2.3 +14.9 — −4.2 +1.4 5 +7.1 +2.2 +7.0 +10.6 −2.8 −7.6 25 +7.2 +5.8 — +0.8 −0.2 — 50 +12.1 — — +9.4 — —

No significant change was observed in total body weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown for ISIS 145742 in Table 20, ISIS 341699 in Table 21 and ISIS 257016 in Table 22.

TABLE 20 Effect of the full phosphorothioate antisense compound ISIS 145742 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 145742 Normal 5 25 50 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40  20 21.3 25.5 20.8 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0  0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L AST 30-300 113 75.3 83.5 145.3 IU/L ALT 30-200 35.5 29.8 40.3 47.5 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0  3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 223.8 176.5 192 176.8 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125 129 119.5 119.5 113.5 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 176.5 196.5 192 194.8 mg/dL

TABLE 21 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 341699 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 341699 Normal 1 5 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40  20 20 21.8 22 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0  0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L AST 30-300 113 78.2 119 64.8 IU/L ALT 30-200 35.5 36.2 37.3 33.0 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0  3.0 3.3 3.1 3.2 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 223.8 206.4 186.8 183.5 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125 129 135 124 120.8 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 176.5 203.2 171.5 197 mg/dL

TABLE 22 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 0.2 1 5 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40  20 21.8 26.3 20.5 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0  0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L AST 30-300 113 123.8 85.3 69.5 IU/L ALT 30-200 35.5 36.8 44 43 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0  3.0 3.1 3.4 3.1 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 223.8 138.8 268.3 212.8 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125 129 128 152 135.3 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 176.5 208.8 212.3 164.5 mg/dL *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

In some oligonucleotide-treated animals cholesterol levels were above the normal range; however, this elevation is not significant since saline-treated animals also exhibited cholesterol above the normal range. The levels of the remaining routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

Mice injected with ISIS 145742, ISIS 341699 and ISIS 257016 at 0.2-50 mg/kg were also evaluated histologically following routine procedures. Liver and kidney samples were procured, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed for staining with hematoxylin and eosin or with the anti-oligonucleotide IgG1 antibody 2E1-B5, as described in other examples herein. Hematoxylin and eosin staining in both liver and kidney tissues exhibited no significant difference between saline- and antisense oligonucleotide-treated animals. Staining with the 2E1 antibody showed high background in sinusoidal tissues of liver from the saline-injected animals, therefore making it difficult to interpret positive staining in the oligonucleotide-treated livers. Kidney samples from saline-injected animals and animals treated with 0.2 mg/kg ISIS 257016 showed no positive oligonucleotide staining; however, the remainder of the oligonucleotide-treated animals demonstrated high levels of staining in the proximal tubules, which increased with dose.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that antisense compounds of different chemistries are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity. The results further demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds ISIS 341699 and ISIS 257016 are particularly effective at reducing target mRNA levels in the kidney.

Example 23 Dose Response Study Comparing Mixed Backbone and Full Phosphorothioate Backbones: a Third SGLT2 Antisense Sequence

A third mixed backbone SGLT2 oligonucleotide, ISIS 351642 (SEQ ID NO: 266), and control phosphorothioate SGLT2 oligonucleotide, ISIS 145746 (SEQ ID NO: 266), were selected for a dose response study in mice.

Male 7-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 145746 or ISIS 351642 twice per week for two weeks with the doses shown in Table 23. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the fourth and final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 23.

TABLE 23 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by mixed backbone and full phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145746 351642 1 — −26.7 5 −5.8 −35.1 25 −10.5 −44.3 50 −35.6 −31.8

These results illustrate that the compounds of the invention, both full phosphorothioate and mixed backbone oligonucleotides, can inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2 in a dose-dependent manner. At doses of 5 and 25 mg/kg, greater inhibition is observed in kidneys from mice treated with ISIS 351462, suggesting the mixed backbone antisense compound is a more efficient inhibitor of target mRNA expression in the kidney.

Treated mice were further evaluated for body weight, liver weight and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change in body or organ weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). The results are presented in Table 24.

TABLE 24 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, liver weight and spleen weight of mice Percent change in weight Dose of ISIS 145746 ISIS 351642 oligonucleotide Total Total mg/kg Body Liver Spleen Body Liver Spleen 1 — — — +6.9 −8.2 +0.8 5 +3.6 −5.7 +6.5 +4.6 −0.6 −7.9 25 +5.4 −2.0 +3.7 +4.7 −10.6 +1.1 50 +12.1 −8.4 +10.0 +7.4 −3.0 +1.3

No significant change was observed in total body weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown for ISIS 145746 in Table 25 and ISIS 351642 in Table 26.

TABLE 25 Effect of the full phosphorothioate antisense compound ISIS 145746 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 145746 Normal 1 5 25 50 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0  0.1 — 0.2 0.2 0.1 AST IU/L 30-300 129 — 60 84 155 ALT IU/L 30-200 30 — 28 26 77 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0  2.8 — 2.9 2.8 2.9 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 298 — 268 259 236 Cholesterol mg/dL 70-125 116 — 118 108 106 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 163 — 162 181 179

TABLE 26 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 351642 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 351642 Normal 1 5 25 50 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0  0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 AST IU/L 30-300 129 132 75 131 160 ALT IU/L 30-200 30 31 28 29 31 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0  2.8 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.8 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 298 238 287 240 233 Cholesterol mg/dL 70-125 116 117 122 106 113 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 163 195 175 164 171 *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that antisense compounds of different chemistries are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity. The results further suggest that mixed backbone compound ISIS 351642 is more effective than full phosphorothioate oligonucleotides at reducing target mRNA levels in the kidney, particularly at low doses.

Example 24 Comparison of a Standard Mixed Backbone Compound and a Mixed Backbone Compound with Phosphorothioate Linkages at the Extreme 5′ and 3′ Ends: a Single Dose Study

In accordance with the present invention, ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO: 106) and ISIS 351641 (SEQ ID NO: 106) were analyzed for their ability to inhibit SGLT2 expression in vivo. ISIS 257016 is a standard mixed backbone compound having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap, with phosphodiester linkages in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap. ISIS 351641 differs from the standard mixed backbone compounds by having one phosphorothioate linkage at each of the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends of the wings.

Male 8-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given a single intraperitoneal injection of ISIS 257016 or ISIS 351641 at a dose of 1, 5, 25 or 50 mg/kg. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the single dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 27.

TABLE 27 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by mixed backbone oligonucleotides (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS mg/kg 257016 351641 1 −21.5 −14.0 5 −26.4 −19.3 25 −24.2 −12.5 50 −36.3 −22.0

These results illustrate that mixed backbone compounds of the invention, with either complete phosphodiester linkages in the wings, or with the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends substituted with phosphorothioate linkages, inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2 in a dose-dependent manner. However, greater inhibition is observed in kidneys from mice treated with ISIS 257016, which contains all phosphodiester linkages in the wings.

Treated mice were further evaluated for body weight and liver and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change in body or organ weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). The results are presented in Table 28.

TABLE 28 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, liver weight and spleen weight of mice Percent change in weight Dose of ISIS 257016 ISIS 351641 oligonucleotide Total Total mg/kg Body Liver Spleen Body Liver Spleen 1 −0.9 +1.2 −1.6 +2.8 +3.0 −0.1 5 −5.1 +5.4 +20.1 +4.0 +2.1 +9.7 25 −1.1 +3.5 +3.8 −0.7 +9.3 +5.9 50 −2.5 −2.3 +7.8 +0.9 −0.7 +10.2

No significant change was observed in total body weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of creatinine, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown for ISIS 257016 in Table 29 and for ISIS 351641 in Table 30.

TABLE 29 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 1 5 25 50 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 AST IU/L 30-300 141 62 77 89 88 ALT IU/L 30-200 30 29 28 27 33 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0  2.9 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 213 253 255 347 245 Cholesterol mg/dL 70-125 118 111 116 125 120 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 155 186 172 174 169

TABLE 30 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 351641 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 351641 Normal 1 5 25 50 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0  0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 AST IU/L 30-300 141 75 117 68 98 ALT IU/L 30-200 30 25 33 30 27 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0  2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 213 271 280 296 271 Cholesterol mg/dL 70-125 118 120 126 112 117 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 155 162 171 189 175 *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds of varying chemistries are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity. The results further indicate that mixed backbone compounds with wings composed completely of phosphodiester linkages are more efficient inhibitors of target mRNA.

Example 25 Effects of Modified Antisense Compounds on SGLT2 mRNA Expression in Vivo: Two and Three Dose Protocols

In accordance with the present invention, mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO; 106) was analyzed for its ability to inhibit SGLT2 expression in vivo when administered in either two or three doses. ISIS 353003 (CCTTCCCTGAAGGTTCCTCC; SEQ ID NO: 267), a mixed backbone oligonucleotide which targets human PTP1B, was used as a control.

Male 8-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given two or three intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 257016 or ISIS 353003 at three day intervals. ISIS 257016 was administered at doses of 1, 5 or 25 mg/kg and ISIS 353003 was administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 31.

TABLE 31 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by two doses or three doses of mixed backbone oligonucleotides (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline control) Oligonucleotide Two Three (dose in mg/kg) Doses Doses ISIS 257016 (1 mg/kg) −43.2 −39.1 ISIS 257016 (5 mg/kg) −39.7 −42.9 ISIS 257016 (25 mg/kg) −53.8 −65.5 ISIS 353003 (25 mg/kg) −8.0 −6.9

These results illustrate that the mixed backbone compounds of the invention efficiently inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, inhibition increases with the number of doses administered.

Treated mice were further evaluated for body weight, kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change in body or organ weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). The results are presented in Table 32 and Table 33.

TABLE 32 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight of mice (expressed as percent change in body weight) Oligonucleotide Two Three (dose in mg/kg) Doses Doses ISIS 257016 (1 mg/kg) −1.1 0 ISIS 257016 (5 mg/kg) +1.3 +0.8 ISIS 257016 (25 mg/kg) +0.1 +1.3 ISIS 353003 (25 mg/kg) −0.8 +0.8

TABLE 33 Effects of antisense compounds on total kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight of mice Percent change in weight Oligonucleotide Two Doses Three Doses (dose in mg/kg) Kidney Liver Spleen Kidney Liver Spleen ISIS 257016 −0.5 −2.2 −4.3 −5.6 −3.8 −5.9 (1 mg/kg) ISIS 257016 −5.4 +2.5 +7.4 −6.6 −7.1 −9.0 (5 mg/kg) ISIS 257016 −7.9 −1.1 +4.2 −8.6 −8.8 −1.2 (25 mg/kg) ISIS 353003 −5.5 +1.2 −2.7 −0.2 −4.0 +6.5 (25 mg/kg)

No significant change was observed in total body weight, kidney weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown for the two dose protocol in Table 34 and for the three dose protocol in Table 35.

TABLE 34 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 administered according to the two dose protocol on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 1 5 25 ISIS Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg 353003 BUN mg/dL 15-40 32 34 29 25 28 Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 AST IU/L  30-300 54 119 156 116 154 ALT IU/L  30-200 27 36 45 30 36 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 221 263 234 264 278 Cholesterol mg/dL  70-125 113 118 117 125 125 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 170 157 177 163 152

TABLE 35 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 administered according to the three dose protocol on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 1 5 25 ISIS Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg 353003 BUN mg/dL 15-40 30 32 30 27 27 Creatinine mg/L 0.0-1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 AST IU/L  30-300 126 83 81 59 57 ALT IU/L  30-200 35 30 57 27 24 Albumin g/dL 2.5-4.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 Triglycerides mg/dL  25-100* 223 236 202 153 188 Cholesterol mg/dL  70-125 112 113 114 116 106 Glucose mg/dL  80-150* 152 169 161 181 192 *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

Mice injected with ISIS 257016 and control animals were also evaluated histologically following routine procedures. Liver and kidney samples were procured, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed for staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Hematoxylin and eosin staining exhibited no significant difference between saline- and oligonucleotide-treated animals. All tissue samples exhibited normal kidney and liver morphology.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity. The results further indicate that inhibition of target mRNA expression in the kidney increases with the number of doses administered.

Example 26 Effects Of Mixed Backbone Antisense Compounds on SGLT2 mRNA Expression In Vivo: Two to Five Day Consecutive Daily Dosing Protocols

In accordance with the present invention, mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO: 106) was analyzed for its ability to inhibit SGLT2 expression in vivo when administered in two to five doses (consecutive daily doses). ISIS 353003 (SEQ ID NO: 267), a mixed backbone oligonucleotide which targets human PTP1B, was used as a control.

Male 9-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given two, three, four or five intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 257016 or ISIS 353003 once a day for the treatment period. ISIS 257016 was administered at doses of 2.5 or 25 mg/kg and ISIS 353003 was administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 36.

TABLE 36 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by mixed backbone oligonucleotide (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline control) Oligonucleotide Two Three Four Five (dose in mg/kg) Doses Doses Doses Doses ISIS 257016 (2.5 mg/kg) −14.2 −35.4 −25.3 −42.0 ISIS 257016 (25 mg/kg) −12.5 −32.9 −39.1 −68.9 ISIS 353003 (25 mg/kg) −4.5 −9.6 +0.5 −11.3

These results illustrate that the mixed backbone compounds of the invention efficiently inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2 and inhibition increases with the number of doses administered.

Treated mice were further evaluated for body weight, kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change in body or organ weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). The results are presented in Tables 37-40.

TABLE 37 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight of mice (expressed as percent change in body weight) Oligonucleotide Two Three Four Five (dose in mg/kg) Doses Doses Doses Doses ISIS 257016 (2.5 mg/kg) +2.7 +2.7 +3.2 +1.5 ISIS 257016 (25 mg/kg) +2.0 +2.0 +3.1 −0.7 ISIS 353003 (25 mg/kg) +0.6 +0.8 +2.5 +1.3

TABLE 38 Effects of antisense compounds on total kidney weight (expressed as percent change in kidney weight) Oligonucleotide Two Three Four Five (dose in mg/kg) Doses Doses Doses Doses ISIS 257016 (2.5 mg/kg) +8.2 −1.4 +8.9 +1.5 ISIS 257016 (25 mg/kg) +11.5 +3.6 +2.7 −7.7 ISIS 353003 (25 mg/kg) +5.3 −3.6 +4.9 +7.1

TABLE 39 Effects of antisense compounds on total liver weight (expressed as percent change in liver weight) Oligonucleotide Two Three Four Five (dose in mg/kg) Doses Doses Doses Doses ISIS 257016 (2.5 mg/kg) +9.2 +7.5 +4.8 +4.8 ISIS 257016 (25 mg/kg) +11.8 +5.2 +0.6 −8.0 ISIS 353003 (25 mg/kg) +7.4 −3.4 +12.9 +9.5

TABLE 40 Effects of antisense compounds on total spleen weight (expressed as percent change in spleen weight) Oligonucleotide Two Three Four Five (dose in mg/kg) Doses Doses Doses Doses ISIS 257016 (2.5 mg/kg) +22.2 +10.1 +15.3 +10.7 ISIS 257016 (25 mg/kg) +13.3 +5.1 +6.7 +4.5 ISIS 353003 (25 mg/kg) +7.3 +1.4 +19.8 +8.6

No significant change was observed in total body weight, kidney weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of creatinine, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown in Tables 41-44.

TABLE 41 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 administered as two consecutive daily doses on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of oligonucleotide Normal ISIS 257016 ISIS 257016 ISIS 353003 Serum indicator Range Saline 2.5 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 25 mg/kg Creatinine 0.0-1.0  0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 mg/L AST 30-300 160 132 75 131 IU/L ALT 30-200 31 31 28 29 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0  2.8 2.9 3.0 2.7 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 233 238 287 240 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125 113 117 122 106 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 171 195 175 164 mg/dL

TABLE 42 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 administered as three consecutive daily doses on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of oligonucleotide Normal ISIS 257016 ISIS 257016 ISIS 353003 Serum indicator Range Saline 2.5 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 25 mg/kg Creatinine 0.0-1.0  0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 mg/L AST 30-300 199 60 84 155 IU/L ALT 30-200 29 28 26 77 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0  2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 289 268 259 236 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125 111 118 108 106 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 204 162 181 179 mg/dL

TABLE 43 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 administered as four consecutive daily doses on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of oligonucleotide Normal ISIS 257016 ISIS 257016 ISIS 353003 Serum indicator Range Saline 2.5 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 25 mg/kg Creatinine 0.0-1.0  0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 mg/L AST 30-300 199 92 120 144 IU/L ALT 30-200 29 30 30 36 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0  2.8 3.0 2.8 3.0 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 289 252 269 294 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125 111 126 115 120 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 204 173 198 192 mg/dL

TABLE 44 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 administered as five consecutive daily doses on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of oligonucleotide Normal ISIS 257016 ISIS 257016 ISIS 353003 Serum indicator Range Saline 2.5 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 25 mg/kg Creatinine 0.0-1.0  0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 mg/L AST 30-300 129 121 125 97 IU/L ALT 30-200 30 30 33 29 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0  2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 298 298 285 277 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125 116 126 122 126 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 163 177 204 185 mg/dL *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity. The results further indicate that inhibition of target mRNA expression in the kidney increases with the number of doses administered.

Example 27 Comparison of a Standard Mixed Backbone Compound and Mixed Backbone Compounds with Phosphorothioate Linkages at Either or Both of the Extreme 5′ and 3′ Ends a Four Dose Protocol

In accordance with the present invention, ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO: 106), ISIS 351641 (SEQ ID NO: 106), ISIS 360886 (SEQ ID NO: 106) and ISIS 360887 (SEQ ID NO: 106) were analyzed for their ability to inhibit SGLT2 expression in vivo. ISIS 257016 is a standard mixed backbone compound having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap, with phosphodiester linkages in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap. ISIS 351641 differs from the standard mixed backbone compounds by having one phosphorothioate linkage at each of the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends of the wings. ISIS 360886 and ISIS 360887 are mixed backbone compounds with one phosphorothioate linkage at the extreme 5′ end or extreme 3′ end, respectively.

Male 7-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 257016, ISIS 351641, ISIS 360886 or ISIS 360887 twice a week for two weeks at doses of 1.56, 6.25 or 25 mg/kg. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 45.

TABLE 45 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by mixed backbone oligonucleotides (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS mg/kg 257016 351641 360886 360887 1.56 −39.1 −4.2 −12.7 −9.7 6.25 −52.8 −4.87 −19.7 −7.3 25 −57.8 −11.0 −29.0 −4.9

These results illustrate that mixed backbone compounds of the invention, with either complete phosphodiester linkages in the wings, or with the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends substituted with phosphorothioate linkages, can inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2 in a dose-dependent manner. With the exception of ISIS 360887, inhibition of target mRNA was dose-dependent. Although all mixed backbone compounds inhibited SGLT2 expression, greater inhibition is observed in kidneys from mice treated with ISIS 257016, which is a mixed backbone compound that contains all phosphodiester linkages in the wings.

Treated mice were further evaluated for body weight, kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change in body or organ weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). The results are presented in Table 46.

TABLE 46 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight of mice (expressed as percent change in weight) Dose Body Kidney Liver Spleen Oligonucleotide mg/kg weight weight weight weight ISIS 257016 1.56 +11.6 −3.5 −4.2 −2.4 ISIS 257016 6.25 +7.9 −3.0 +3.8 −1.3 ISIS 257016 25 +11.7 −4.1 +1.4 +8.9 ISIS 351641 1.56 +7.9 −0.9 −5.4 +9.4 ISIS 351641 6.25 +11.1 +1.3 −2.2 +13.4 ISIS 351641 25 +7.4 −2.1 −0.5 −1.4 ISIS 360886 1.56 +7.6 −1.0 −13.7 −5.0 ISIS 360886 6.25 +8.9 −3.7 −16.6 +1.2 ISIS 360886 25 +11.1 −5.5 −11.6 +0.8 ISIS 360887 1.56 +8.5 +1.0 −10.4 −0.4 ISIS 360887 6.25 +7.5 −1.8 −8.4 +1.1 ISIS 360887 25 +9.8 +2.2 −9.0 +11.8

No significant change was observed in total body weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown in Tables 47-50.

TABLE 47 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 1.56 6.25 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40 23 21 26 22 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 AST  30-300 75 61 83 71 IU/L ALT  30-200 30 30 33 39 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.7 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 208 210 243 150 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 116 125 130 135 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 207 184 184 215 mg/dL

TABLE 48 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 351641 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 351641 Normal 1.56 6.25 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40 23 23 25 22 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 AST  30-300 75 61 67 54 IU/L ALT  30-200 30 32 31 30 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 208 169 176 185 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 116 110 115 107 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 207 205 199 208 mg/dL

TABLE 49 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 360886 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 360886 Normal 1.56 6.25 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40 23 21 23 24 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 AST  30-300 75 56 77 73 IU/L ALT  30-200 30 26 27 28 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 208 164 181 169 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 116 105 108 108 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 207 189 202 200 mg/dL

TABLE 50 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 360887 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 360887 Normal 1.56 6.25 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40 23 23 22 23 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 AST  30-300 75 142 83 108 IU/L ALT  30-200 30 40 39 34 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 208 136 157 200 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 116 109 107 110 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 207 199 201 187 mg/dL *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

Cholesterol levels of mice treated with either 6.25 or 25 mg/kg were slightly elevated; however, these levels are not significantly greater than the cholesterol levels observed in saline-treated control animals. Otherwise, the levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

Saline- and oligonucleotide-injected animals also were evaluated histologically following routine procedures. Liver and kidney samples were procured, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed for staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Hematoxylin and eosin staining exhibited no significant difference between control and oligonucleotide-treated animals.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity. The results further indicate that mixed backbone compounds with complete phosphodiester linkages in the wings are more effective modulators of target mRNA expression in the kidney than mixed backbone compounds with a phosphorothioate linkage at one or both of the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends.

Example 28 Comparison of a Standard Mixed Backbone Compound and Mixed Backbone Compounds with Phosphorothioate Linkages at Either or Both of the Extreme 5′ and 3′ Ends an Eight Dose Protocol

A second study of SGLT2 antisense oligonucleotides ISIS 257016, ISIS 351641, ISIS 360886 and ISIS 360887 was undertaken in which mice received eight doses over a four week period. As described previously, ISIS 257016 is a standard mixed backbone compound having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap, with phosphodiester linkages in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap. ISIS 351641 differs from the standard mixed backbone compounds by having one phosphorothioate linkage at each of the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends of the wings. ISIS 360886 and ISIS 360887 are mixed backbone compounds with one phosphorothioate linkage at the extreme 5′ end and extreme 3′ end, respectively.

Male 8-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 257016, ISIS 351641, ISIS 360886 or ISIS 360887 twice a week for four weeks at doses of 1, 5 or 25 mg/kg. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 51.

TABLE 51 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by mixed backbone oligonucleotides (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS mg/kg 257016 351641 360886 360887 1 −53 −14 −24 −23 5 −64 −23 −30 −26 25 −68 −37 −50 −40

These results illustrate that mixed backbone compounds of the invention, with either complete phosphodiester linkages in the wings, or with the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends substituted with phosphorothioate linkages, can inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2 in a dose-dependent manner. However, greater inhibition is observed in kidneys from mice treated with ISIS 257016, which contains all phosphodiester linkages in the wings.

Treated mice were further evaluated for body weight and liver and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change in body or organ weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). The results are presented in Table 52.

TABLE 52 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, liver weight and spleen weight of mice (expressed as percent change in weight) Dose Body Liver Spleen Oligonucleotide mg/kg weight weight weight ISIS 257016 1 +11.8 −6.9 −10.1 ISIS 257016 5 +8.4 −4.3 +4.4 ISIS 257016 25 +5.4 −2.1 +12.5 ISIS 351641 1 +12.3 −2.8 −2.9 ISIS 351641 5 +9.2 −8.7 −5.5 ISIS 351641 25 +9.4 −0.8 +3.3 ISIS 360886 1 +9.2 −5.2 −4.5 ISIS 360886 5 +10.3 −2.7 +15.1 ISIS 360886 25 +9.4 −2.1 −11.4 ISIS 360887 1 +10.0 −7.0 −1.5 ISIS 360887 5 +12.6 −3.2 +4.0 ISIS 360887 25 +11.8 −7.6 +14.7

No significant change was observed in total body weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown in Tables 53-56.

TABLE 53 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 1 5 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40 27 31 29 23 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 AST  30-300 60 58 82 119 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 27 35 66 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 178 263 187 99 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 142 138 162 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 193 201 201 185 mg/dL

TABLE 54 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 351641 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 351641 Normal 1 5 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40 27 27 26 28 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 AST  30-300 60 48 49 50 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 23 23 20 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 178 165 197 222 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 118 120 118 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 193 192 200 197 mg/dL

TABLE 55 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 360886 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 360886 Normal 1 5 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40 27 27 26 27 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0 0.1 0.1 AST  30-300 60 52 71 90 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 23 23 29 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 178 230 250 227 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 122 129 133 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 193 187 182 185 mg/dL

TABLE 56 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 360887 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 360887 Normal 1 5 25 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BUN 15-40 27 25 24 23 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 AST  30-300 60 60 44 92 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 24 22 31 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.7 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 178 240 262 171 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 121 129 134 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 193 189 186 181 mg/dL *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity. Furthermore, the eight dose protocol resulted in greater inhibition of target mRNA levels in the kidney than observed for the four dose protocol shown in Example 22.

Example 29 Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 in a Murine Model of Type 2 Diabetes Comparison of Full Phosphorothioate and Mixed Backbone Oligonucleotides

The Animal Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium (AMDCC) has developed protocols for the induction of diabetes in a number of animal models. The genetic C57BLKS/J Lep^(db)/Lep^(db) model has been approved by the AMDCC as an appropriate model system for studies of diabetic nephropathy associated with type 2 diabetes.

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat that regulates appetite. Deficiencies in this hormone in both humans and non-human animals lead to obesity. Lep^(db)/Lep^(db) mice have a mutation in the leptin receptor gene which results in obesity and hyperglycemia. As such, these mice are a useful model for the investigation of obesity and diabetes and treatments designed to treat these conditions. In accordance with the present invention, oligomeric compounds of the present invention were tested in the Lep^(db)/Lep^(db) model of type 2 diabetes.

Male Lep^(db)/Lep^(db) (db/db) mice were given intraperitoneal injections of either ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO: 106), which has a mixed backbone, or ISIS 145733 (SEQ ID NO: 106), which has a phosphorothioate backbone, twice a week for four weeks at doses of 12.5, 25 or 37.5 mg/kg. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 6 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 57.

TABLE 57 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in db/db mice (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145733 257016 12.5 −48 −72 25 −71 −72 37.5 −64 −72

These results illustrate that both mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 and full phosphorothioate compound ISIS 145733 effectively inhibit the expression of kidney SGLT2. However, greater inhibition is observed in kidneys from mice treated with ISIS 257016, particularly at the lowest dose of 12.5 mg/kg.

Treated mice were further evaluated for body weight and liver and spleen weight. The data are expressed as weight in grams. The results are presented in Table 58.

TABLE 58 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, liver weight and spleen weight of db/db mice (in grams) Dose Body Kidney Liver Spleen Oligonucleotide mg/kg weight weight weight weight Saline — 35 0.32 1.5 0.09 ISIS 145733 12.5 34 0.32 1.9 0.12 ISIS 145733 25 37 0.37 2.1 0.15 ISIS 145733 37.5 38 0.35 2.3 0.14 ISIS 257016 12.5 34 0.31 1.6 0.09 ISIS 257016 25 36 0.31 1.7 0.08 ISIS 257016 37.5 34 0.35 1.8 0.11

No significant change was observed in total body weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of AST, ALT, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown in Table 59 and Table 60.

TABLE 59 Effect of full phosphorothioate backbone compound ISIS 145733 on indicators of toxicity Units measured per dose of ISIS 145733 Normal 12.5 25 37.5 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg AST 30-300  61 72 80 93 IU/L ALT 30-200  63 87 101 120 IU/L Triglycerides 25-100* 245 216 243 204 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125* 182 196 211 224 mg/dL Glucose 80-150* 611 452 391 351 mg/dL

TABLE 60 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 on indicators of toxicity Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 12.5 25 37.5 Serum indicator Range Saline mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg AST 30-300  61 120 144 175 IU/L ALT 30-200  63 123 142 154 IU/L Triglycerides 25-100* 245 167 188 183 mg/dL Cholesterol 70-125* 182 248 264 265 mg/dL Glucose 80-150* 611 281 320 326 mg/dL *Triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Lep^(db)/Lep^(db) strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect hepatic function. Given the genetic defect of the Lep^(db)/Lep^(db) mice and the diabetic phenotype exhibited by these mice, it is expected that triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose levels will exceed the normal range. Importantly, treatment with either of the SGLT2 antisense compounds resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, with ISIS 257016, the mixed backbone compound, achieving greater levels of target mRNA inhibition. Treatment with ISIS 257016 also resulted in a significant decrease in serum triglyceride levels.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds are effectively delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or other toxicity. Furthermore, these results indicate that mixed backbone compounds targeted to SGLT2 efficiently decrease blood glucose levels and serum triglyceride levels in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

Example 30 Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 in a Murine Model of Type 2 Diabetes Low Dose Comparison of Full Phosphorothioate and Mixed Backbone Oligonucleotides

Since treatment with ISIS 257016 resulted in significant reduction in SGLT2 expression levels even at the lowest dose of 12.5 mg/kg, a second dose-response study was conducted using a lower dose range of 1.56, 3.12 and 6.25 mg/kg. Male Lep^(db)/Lep^(db) mice were given intraperitoneal injections of either mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 or full phosphorothioate compound ISIS 145733 twice a week for four weeks at doses of 1.56, 3.12 or 6.25 mg/kg. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 61.

TABLE 61 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in db/db mice (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145733 257016 1.56 −13 −75 3.12 −14 −83 6.25 −12 −80

These results illustrate that mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 is a more effective inhibitor of SGLT2 mRNA expression in the kidney, particularly at low doses of oligonucleotide.

Levels of glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 62.

TABLE 62 Blood glucose levels in db/db mice treated with SGLT2 antisense compounds (expressed as percent change in blood glucose relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS mg/kg 145733 257016 1.56 −5 −41 3.12 −7 −37 6.25 −14 −40

The results demonstrate that treatment with mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 results in a significant decrease in blood glucose levels and that mixed backbone compounds are more effective at lowering blood glucose levels than full phosphorothioate antisense compounds.

Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 by ISIS 257016 was further evaluated using a dose range of 0.39, 0.78 and 1.56 mg/kg. As described above, male Lep^(db)/Lep^(db) mice were given intraperitoneal injections of mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 twice a week for four weeks. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. Blood glucose levels also were determined. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 63.

TABLE 63 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression and blood glucose levels in db/db mice (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression or blood glucose levels relative to saline) Dose of ISIS 257016 SGLT2 Blood mg/kg mRNA glucose 0.39 −66 −16 0.78 −68 −21 1.56 −82 −21

These results further demonstrate the effectiveness of mixed backbone compounds at inhibiting SGLT2 expression in the kidney and lowering blood glucose levels when administered at very low doses of oligonucleotide.

Mice treated with the compounds of the invention also were evaluated for liver and kidney toxicity, organ and body weights and tissue histology. These studies demonstrated no significant level of toxicity or change in body or organ weight, indicating that mixed backbone compounds are effective in vivo without toxicity to the animal.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds are effectively delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds lowers blood glucose levels in diabetic animals.

Example 31 Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 in a Murine Model of Obesity and Diabetes Using Mixed Backbone Compounds

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat that regulates appetite. Deficiencies in this hormone in both humans and non-human animals leads to obesity. C57B1/6J-Lep ob/ob mice have a mutation in the leptin gene which results in obesity and hyperglycemia. As such, these mice are a useful model for the investigation of obesity and diabetes and treatments designed to treat these conditions. In accordance with the present invention, the oligomeric compounds of the invention were tested in the ob/ob model of obesity and diabetes.

Male C57B1/6J-Lep ob/ob mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were subcutaneously injected with ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO: 106) at a dose of 25 mg/kg two times per week for 4 weeks. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. Blood glucose levels also were determined. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 64.

TABLE 64 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression and blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression or blood glucose levels relative to saline) Dose of oligonucleotide SGLT2 Blood mg/kg mRNA glucose 25 −83 −39

The results demonstrate that treatment with a mixed backbone SGLT2 antisense compound results in a significant decrease in SGLT2 mRNA expression in the kidney of diabetic mice. Importantly, blood glucose levels also are significantly decreased in treated animals.

Example 32 Comparison of Mixed Backbone Compounds 16 to 20 Nucleobases in Length

In accordance with the present invention, mixed backbone compounds with less than 20 nucleobases were evaluated for their ability to inhibit SGLT2 expression in the kidney. Four compounds were synthesized based on the sequence of ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO: 106). ISIS 366847, ISIS 366848, ISIS 366849 and ISIS 366850 are comprised of the 5′-most 19, 18, 17 and 16 nucleobases, respectively, of ISIS 257016 (see Table 65). ISIS 257016 has 2′-MOE wings of five nucleobases each and a deoxy gap of 10 nucleobases. ISIS 366847, ISIS 366848, ISIS 366849 and ISIS 366850 have a 10 nucleobases gap, a five nucleobase 2′-MOE wing at the 5′ end, but contain a shortened 3′ wing of 1 to 4 nucleobases.

TABLE 65 Antisense compounds 16 to 20 nucleobases in length ISIS # SEQUENCE SEQ ID NO: 257016 GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGTGC 106 366847 GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGTG 272 366848 GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGT 273 366849 GAAGTAGCCACCAACTG 274 366850 GAAGTAGCCACCAACT 275

Male 6-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of ISIS 257016, ISIS 366847, ISIS 366848, ISIS 366849 or ISIS 366850 twice a week for two weeks at doses of 0.14, 0.7 or 3.5 micromoles per kilogram (1M/kg). Saline-injected animals served as controls. Each treatment group contained 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Mice were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 66.

TABLE 66 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by mixed backbone oligonucleotides (expressed as percent change relative to saline control) Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS μM/kg 257016 366847 366848 366849 366850 0.14 −53 −55 −58 −57 −49 0.7 −56 −63 −59 −61 −57 3.5 −70 −64 −72 −69 −69

These results illustrate that mixed backbone compounds of the invention, containing 16 to 20 nucleobases, are effective inhibitors of SGLT2 expression in the kidney.

Treated mice were further evaluated for body weight, kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight. The data are expressed as percent change in body or organ weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). The results are presented in Table 67.

TABLE 67 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight, kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight of mice (expressed as percent change in weight) Dose Body Kidney Liver Spleen Oligonucleotide μM/kg weight weight weight weight ISIS 257016 0.14 +9.0 −4.5 −6.1 −8.3 ISIS 257016 0.7 +11.1 −5.3 +4.1 −3.7 ISIS 257016 3.5 +10.2 −3.6 +3.7 +11.9 ISIS 366847 0.14 +15.0 −0.5 +0.2 −6.9 ISIS 366847 0.7 +12.7 +1.2 +6.8 −4.9 ISIS 366847 3.5 +10.3 +3.6 +3.8 +2.9 ISIS 366848 0.17 +8.5 −7.1 −7.9 −2.4 ISIS 366848 0.7 +7.7 +6.4 +5.9 +3.8 ISIS 366848 3.5 +10.8 +3.0 +4.6 +9.3 ISIS 366849 0.14 +6.9 −3.3 −2.6 −7.2 ISIS 366849 0.7 +7.4 +0.1 −4.3 −2.2 ISIS 366849 3.5 +8.4 −2.9 −5.2 −3.9 ISIS 366850 0.14 +11.1 −3.8 −4.6 +2.0 ISIS 366850 0.7 +4.8 −0.8 −1.7 +0.9 ISIS 366850 3.5 11.2 −6.0 +4.5 +9.8

No significant change was observed in total body weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in mice treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown in Tables 68-72.

TABLE 68 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 257016 Normal 0.14 0.7 3.5 Serum indicator Range Saline μM/kg μM/kg μM/kg BUN 15-40 31 32 32 31 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 AST  30-300 82 68 85 117 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 24 26 32 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.1 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 225 266 308 225 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 128 128 147 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 181 195 187 183 mg/dL

TABLE 69 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 366847 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 366847 Normal 0.14 0.7 3.5 Serum indicator Range Saline μM/kg μM/kg μM/kg BUN 15-40 31 29 32 29 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 AST  30-300 82 53 69 131 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 23 28 50 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 225 289 308 184 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 122 132 145 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 181 173 193 181 mg/dL

TABLE 70 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 366848 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 366848 Normal 0.14 0.7 3.5 Serum indicator Range Saline μM/kg μM/kg μM/kg BUN 15-40 31 31 29 32 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 AST  30-300 82 82 105 123 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 23 34 46 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 225 320 374 246 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 132 142 147 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 181 200 187 190 mg/dL

TABLE 71 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 366849 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 366849 Normal 0.14 0.7 3.5 Serum indicator Range Saline μM/kg μM/kg μM/kg BUN 15-40 31 25 30 33 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 AST  30-300 82 98 90 92 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 26 24 33 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 225 354 308 240 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 133 129 150 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 181 170 173 192 mg/dL

TABLE 72 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 366850 on indicators of liver and kidney function Units measured per dose of ISIS 366850 Normal 0.14 0.7 3.5 Serum indicator Range Saline μM/kg μM/kg μM/kg BUN 15-40 31 26 25 23 mg/dL Creatinine 0.0-1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-1.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 AST  30-300 82 83 69 108 IU/L ALT  30-200 22 21 27 38 IU/L Albumin 2.5-4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 g/dL Triglycerides  25-100* 225 320 380 271 mg/dL Cholesterol  70-125 123 127 131 164 mg/dL Glucose  80-150* 181 192 187 179 mg/dL *Triglyceride and glucose levels are routinely higher in the Balb/c strain of mice than in other strains of mice.

Some oligonucleotide treated animals exhibited elevated levels of cholesterol; however, saline control animals also demonstrated cholesterol levels at the high end of the normal range. Thus, the slightly elevated cholesterol levels do not appear to be significant. Otherwise, the levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease are within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels, while outside the normal range as is common in the Balb/c strain, are not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that mixed backbone compounds of 16 to 20 nucleobases are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity.

Example 33 Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 in Sprague Dawley Rats

In accordance with the present invention, 7-week old Sprague Dawley rats (purchased from Charles River Labs, Wilmington, Mass.) were treated with SGLT2 mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 (SEQ ID NO: 106) or SGLT2 full phosphorothioate compound ISIS 145733 (SEQ ID NO: 106). Rats were injected i.p. twice a week for three weeks with 10 mg/kg of oligonucleotide. Saline-injected animals served as controls. The rats were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the final dose of oligonucleotide or saline.

Rats were evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to cyclophilin. The data are expressed as percent change relative to saline treated animals (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) and are illustrated in Table 73.

TABLE 73 Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in Sprague Dawley rats (expressed as percent change in SGLT2 mRNA expression relative to saline) % Change Treatment in mRNA Saline 0 ISIS 257016 −83.9 ISIS 145733 −38.5

These results illustrate that both full phosphorothioate and mixed backbone compounds inhibit SGLT2 expression in the kidney of rats. However, the mixed backbone compound is a more effective inhibitor of SGLT2.

Treated rats were further evaluated for body weight, kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight. For body weight, the data are expressed as percent change in body weight (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease). For organ weights, the results are expressed as percent of saline control normalized to body weight. The results are presented in Table 74 and Table 75.

TABLE 74 Effects of antisense compounds on total body weight of rats (expressed as percent change in weight) Body Treatment weight Saline +60.7 ISIS 257016 +58.4 ISIS 145733 +57.1

TABLE 75 Effects of antisense compounds on total kidney weight, liver weight and spleen weight of rats (expressed as percent of saline control normalized to body weight) Kidney Liver Spleen Treatment weight weight weight ISIS 257016 99.3 93.4 105.8 ISIS 145733 107.2 105.2 123.4

No significant change was observed in total body weight, kidney weight, liver weight or spleen weight at timepoints throughout or at the termination of the study.

Levels of BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, AST, ALT, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were measured in rats treated with the compounds of the invention. Plasma samples were analyzed using the Olympus AU400e automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus America, Irving, Tex.). The results, expressed as units measured, are shown in Table 76.

TABLE 76 Effect of mixed backbone antisense compound ISIS 257016 and full phosphorothioate compound ISIS 145733 on indicators of liver and kidney function (expressed as units measured) ISIS ISIS Serum Indicator Saline 257016 145733 BUN 19 19 17 mg/dL Creatinine 0.3 0.4 0.2 mg/L Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1 0.1 0.1 AST 157 105 105 IU/L ALT 65 44 36 IU/L Albumin 3.7 3.8 3.6 g/dL Triglycerides 42 47 53 mg/dL Cholesterol 68 66 54 mg/dL Glucose 189 173 180 mg/dL

The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds of the invention do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function in rats.

The results illustrated in this example demonstrate that both full phosphorothioate and mixed backbone compounds are delivered to the kidney, reduce SGLT2 expression in vivo, and that treatment with these compounds does not result in liver or kidney toxicity. The results further indicate that mixed backbone compounds are more effective inhibitors of SGLT2 expression in vivo.

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference (including, but not limited to, journal articles, U.S. and non-U.S. patents, patent application publications, international patent application publications, gene bank accession numbers, and the like) cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

1. A modified oligonucleotide 8 to 80 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 4 encoding SGLT2 and comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage, sugar moiety, or nucleobase.
 2. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 1 comprising 10 to 50 nucleobases in length.
 3. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 2 comprising 13 to 30 nucleobases in length.
 4. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 3 comprising 15 to 25 nucleobases in length.
 5. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 4 comprising 18 to 22 nucleobases in length.
 6. (canceled)
 7. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 1 comprising a DNA oligonucleotide.
 8. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 1 comprising an RNA oligonucleotide.
 9. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 1 comprising a chimeric oligonucleotide. 10-15. (canceled)
 16. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 1 comprising at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety.
 17. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 1 comprising at least one phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 18. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 1 wherein at least one cytosine is a 5-methylcytosine. 19-38. (canceled)
 39. A method of preventing or delaying the onset of a disease or condition in an animal comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of an oligonucleotide 8 to 80 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2, wherein the oligonucleotide is complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 4 encoding SGLT2 so that expression of SGLT2 is inhibited, wherein the disease or condition is associated with expression of SGLT2 in the kidney.
 40. (canceled)
 41. A method of preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in an animal comprising administering to the animal an oligonucleotide 8 to 80 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2, wherein the oligonucleotide is complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 4 encoding SGLT2 so that expression of SGLT2 is inhibited.
 42. The method of claim 41 wherein said animal is a primate or a rodent.
 43. (canceled)
 44. A method of preventing or delaying the onset of an increase in blood glucose level in an animal comprising administering to the animal an oligonucleotide 8 to 80 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2, wherein the oligonucleotide is complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 4 encoding SGLT2 so that expression of SGLT2 is inhibited.
 45. The method of claim 44 wherein the animal is a primate or a rodent.
 46. The method of claim 44 wherein the blood glucose level is plasma glucose level or serum glucose level.
 47. The method of claim 44 wherein the animal is a diabetic animal.
 48. The method of claim 44 wherein the animal is insulin-resistant as compared to a normal animal.
 49. (canceled)
 50. A method of decreasing blood glucose level in an animal comprising administering to the animal an oligonucleotide 8 to 80 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2, wherein the oligonucleotide is complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 4 encoding SGLT2 so that expression of SGLT2 is inhibited.
 51. The method of claim 50 wherein the animal is a primate or a rodent.
 52. The method of claim 50 wherein the blood glucose level is plasma glucose level or serum glucose level.
 53. The method of claim 50 wherein the animal is a diabetic animal.
 54. The method of claim 50 wherein the animal is insulin-resistant as compared to a normal animal.
 55. (canceled)
 56. (canceled) 